Reproductive Systems Flashcards
……gonads of the male. Composed of structures called ….?
Testes
Interstitial cells / aka cells of Leydig / , seminiferous tubules / aka sertoli cell /
Aka cells of Leydig ?
Interstitial cell
Aka sertoli cell ?
Seminiferous tubule
Which cell produced by the Androgens?
Interstitial cell
Androgen production by the
Regulated by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH, Luteinizing Hormone LH.
Seminiferous tubules contain which cells ? What is action of this cells?
Sustentacular cells perform spermatogenesis /sperm/. Spermatogenesis involves the process of meiosis.
What is function of the epididymis ?
To store and protect spermatozoa and stimulates their maturation and mobility.
Ductus deferens length
16-18 inch
Vasectomy
Cutting and ligating of the ductus deferens, 100% effective birth control
Sperm can stored in
Ductus deference in several months
Sperm pathway
Seminal vesicles contains
- Fructose
- Prostaglandins
- Fibrinogen
Which gland is produced the prostatic fluid ?
Prostate gland / prostatic fluid has slightly acidic solution 20-30% semen/
Prostatic fluid has ……… , which may help ……?
Seminalplasmin-an antibiotic, help prevent UTI in the male
Bulbourethral glands other name ?
Aka Cowper’s glands
Produce the thick alkaline mucus secretion, which is used to neutralize any urinary acids in the urethra and lubricate the tip of the penis during intercourse.
Male urethra has …. Regions ?
Lump palpated in the breast, could be benign / fibrocystic or fibroadenoma, breast cancer/ ?
Breast nodule
Dimpling ?
Puckering or retraction of skin on the breast, suggest malignancy
A late sign of breast cancer, thickening and pitting of breast skin / resembles an orange peel / ?
Peaud’orange
Nipple retraction
Nipple inverting
Benign conditions like fibrocystic breast disease or mastitis
Breast pain
More than 2500ml of urine per day ?
Polyuria
/ diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, diuretic used /
Blood in urine ?
Hematuria
If blood is present at the beginning of the urination, which disorder ?
Urethral disorder
If blood is present at the end of urinating or throughout urination, which disorder?
Bladder disorder
Difficulty with starting a stream of urine when attempting to urinate
Urinary hesitancy
In women, urinary hesitancy occur with
UTI, obstruction of lower urinary tract, neuromuscular disorder
In men, urinary hesitancy occur with
Prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, UTI, medications
Unable to hold urine
Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence
- kidney stones
- tumor, bladder, prostate
- prostatic hypertrophy
- Neurologic disorders / Guillain barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury /
Pain during urination
Dysuria - signals of lower UTI
If dysuria occurs before urination, with
Bladder infection
If dysuria at the end of urination, with
Bladder spasm, urethritis
If dysuria is present throughout the entire urination, with
Pyelonephritis / combined with flank pain, fever, chills, hematuria /
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menses
Amenorrhea
Absence of menses
Thick, white, lumpy and curd-like, with yeasty sweet odor = ? / vaginal discharge /
Candidiasis
White or grayish discharge with a fishy odor ? / vaginal discharge /
Bacterial vaginosis
Yellow, odorless, or acrid vaginal discharge ?
Chlamydia
Yellow, cloudy, foul smelling discharge ?
Gonorrhea
White, yellow or green penile discharge?
Gonorrhea
Clear or cloudy penile discharge ?
Chlamydia
Cancer lesions on external genitalia
Painless, often ulcerative lesions
Genital warts
Painless, fresh colored, cauliflower like / caused by human papilloma virus /
One or more painful, red, blistering lesions ?
Genital herpes
Painless, hard, round, firm nodule which eventually erodes to an ulcer ?
Syphilis
Bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina and vulva, caused by venous congestion, is often used as an early of pregnancy - which sign?
Chadwick’s sign
Indication of pregnancy, cervix and vagina soften ?
Goodell’s sign
Priapism
Persistent painful erection, not caused by sexual excitation
Abdominal pain has occurs ?
- Salpingitis
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Renal calculi
Symptoms of lower quadrant pain, usually on left, suprapubic tenderness, pain on pelvic exam, fever, nausea, vomiting, what disorders suspected?
Salpingitis
Lower quadrant pain, spotting, irregular menses, mass and tenderness bimanual exam, positive Kehr and Cullen sign, HCG low levels / also shoulder pain /, which disorder suspected ?
Ectopic pregnancy
Lower quadrant pain, increased with activity, tender adnexa, cervix, discharge from vagina. Which disorder is suspected ?
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Intense flank pain, extending to groin and genitals, episodic, fever, hematuria, Positive Kehr sign. Suspected for what ?
Renal calculi
- Red flag: change in skin texture, a palpable lump, puckering or leakage from the nipple, one in eight women occurs. ?
Breast cancer
Caused by HPV
Transmitted during sexual intercourse
Pap smear commonly used to diagnose
* later stages, may be bleeding
Which disorder?
Cervical cancer
Ectopic pregnancy treatment with chemotherapy drug called ?
METHOTREXATE
Ectopic pregnancy treatment with chemotherapy drug called ?
METHOTREXATE
Endometrial, Uterine cancer
- cancer of uterus
- occur in postmenopausal woman
- risk factors: estrogen replacement treatment
- pap smear and endometrial biopsy
- RF: abnormal bleeding
Abnormal uterine, rectal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, diagnosis by endoscopy and biopsy. What disorder ?
Endometriosis
Inability to have or maintain an erection during intercourse ?
Erectile dysfunction ED
Tumors found in breast, young women and mistaken for cancer, non-cancerous tumor ?
Fibroadenoma
Hormonal imbalances maybe caused, formation of fluid filled cyst in the breast tissue, referred surgical treatment ?
Fibrocystic breast disease
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of breast tissue in males
Mother has RH-blood type, fetus has RH+blood type. RH antibodies from the mom can pass through the placenta, attack the fetuses RBS’c destroying them. Which disorder?
Hemolytic disease of the Newborn HDN
Aka Erythroblastosis fetalis
/ treatment giving mother anti-RH antibodies (called RhoGam), during the last 3 months of pregnancy and after delivery ( for breast milk safety ) /
Hyperemesis gravidarum ?
Malignant nausea and excessive vomiting, morning sickness, pregnant women becomes dehydrated
Infection of the breast tissue ?
Mastitis, infection by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
Estrogen levels naturally decline with age, ovulation becomes irregular, menses become shorter in length ?
Menopause / diagnosed whole year passed without menstruation /
Risk factors age 50-70, irregular menstrual cycles, pain in abdomen, late menopause, endometriosis may increase risk factors, ultrasound and CT scan can diagnosed, RF: bloated, frequent urination, appetite changes, pain in lower abdominal/ pelvic region. Which disorder is suspected?
Ovarian cancer
STD / gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis / can infect the peritoneal/ abdominal cavity, maybe caused by infertility. Suspected for what ?
Pelvic inflammation disease
Hormonal disorders women who has many cystic fibrosis in ovary. Symptoms: excessive hair growth (such as face), acne, obesity, irregular menses, amenorrhea, infertility. Which disorder ?
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Swelling or inflammation of the prostate
Prostatitis
Third most prevalent cancer in males. Slow growing conditions. Symptoms: blood in urine, weak flow of urine, nocturia, pain in abdomen or back, erectile dysfunction. Which disorder ?
Prostate cancer
/ digital palpation of the prostate and PSA blood test can be diagnosed /
Enlargement of prostate, difficulty urination, occur in elderly male, increase risk of cystitis and KI damage. Which disorders ?
Prostatic hypertrophy / Benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH /
Ages with men 18-34, risk factor is undescended testicle, family history risk….?
Testicular cancer
Ultrasound and blood test looking for cancer markers.
RF: hypertension, proteinuria, excessive edema, pre-eclampsia can progress to eclampsia. If this occurs could be epilepsy, cerebral hemorrhage, liver failure and coma. ?
Pregnancy with Toxemia / pre-eclampsia /
Risk of overweight, have family history / especially mom/, eat lot of red meats, maybe enlarge the abdomen, heavy menstrual bleeding, pain during intercourse, give the sensation fullness in the pelvic area. Which disorders?
Uterine fibroids / Leiomyoma or myoma /
Amniocentesis diagnosed for which disorders ?
Abnormalities in fetus
Which disease diagnosed by Chorionic Villus Sampling ?
Some disorders of the fetus / 10-12 weeks of pregnancy /
Colposcopy
Examination of the cervix
Cone biopsy and Conization
Performed after abnormal Pap smear test, detect of cervical cancer
Cystoscopy
Urethra and bladder
Cystography
Bladder and urether
Hysteroscopy
Uterus
Intravenous pyelogram / urography /
Kidney and Uterine tract / injected into the bloodstream /
Recommended for over the age of 40
Mammography
Papanicolaou test/ pap smear/
Cervix
Retrograde urography
Catheter into the urethra-bladder-ureter, dye is injected
Also named pyelography
Transvaginal ultrasound
Vagina / pregnancy and ovaries /
Transrectal ultrasound
Into the rectum / prostate /
Abdominal or pelvic ultrasound
Placed on the abdomen / KI, BL, ovary, uterus, prostate, testes /
Ovary function
- Produces the estrogen and progesterone
- Production of eggs
