Kidney Disorders Flashcards
Kidney located between the
T12 and L3
Left kidney is slightly higher than the right kidney because
Adrenal gland
Renal fascia - protected by fatty layer
Called adipose-capsule
Renal arteries and veins action
Renal arteries bring blood to each kidney
Renal veins return the blood from the kidney back into circulation
Nephron
Tube shaped structure, good contact with the bloodstream and blood vessels, 1,25 million nephrons has both kidney
Nephron 3 general function
- Filtration
- Reabsorption /nutrients can be used by body cells /
- Secretion /balancing of ions to regulate ph in the blood /
Main parts of the nephron
Renal corpuscle / made up of the Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus /
Renal tubule / made up of the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle /
Renal tubule has 2 types blood capillaries
- Peritubular capillaries
- Vasa recta
Bowman’s capsule action
- Receives blood from the afferent arteriole
- Form the rest of nephron
- Composed of cell is PODOCYTES
- Filtered small things / water, Na, K, glucose, vitamins, minerals e.g /
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) influenced by :
- BP in the glomerular capillary, if the BP goes up, filtrate goes up.
- Regulated by Auto regulation / if BP drops, afferent arteriole will dilate, glomerular capillary will dilate, efferent arteriole will constrict /
- Regulated by hormones / JGA to produce renin - angiotensin I - converted into the Angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme, Angiotensin II cause the constriction of the efferent glomerulus - raising glomerular BP and increasing filtration rate/, / Angiotensin also stimulate the release of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, increase the thirst sensation /
- Regulated by Sympathetic nervous / sympathetic stimulate to the kidney will cause vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, decrease GFR and decreases filtrate /
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- First segment of the renal tubule
- main function is reabsorption
- reabsorbed 99-100% organic substances in PCT
- wastes and toxins not be absorbed
Loop of Henle has how many limb?
- Descending limb / water reabsorbed /
- Ascending limb / sodium chloride and ions reabsorbed /
VASA RECTA ?
Blood vessels surround of Loop of Henle
/ reabsorb ions and water back into the bloodstream /
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- receives remaining tubular fluid from the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
- DCT will reabsorb Na, ions via Na, K pump
- DCT also does secretion
Ureters have three layers of tissue
- Inner layer mucosa
- Middle layer smooth muscle
- Outer layer connective tissue
Bladder muscularis layers?
- detrusor muscle
- ureter openings trigone
- openings of the urethra band of muscle / internal urethral sphincter /
Male urethra has three portions
- Prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy urethra
7-8 inches length
Female urethra has shorter
1-2 inches in length, only carries urine
Micturition reflex
- Urine in the bladder
- Bladder fills, send message to spinal cord - beginning micturition
- Spinal cord- parasympathetic messages back to the bladder rhythmically contract / another message- thalamus-cerebral cortex- “urge” need to urinate /
- Detrusor muscle increase, pressure bladder increase
- Decide to urinate - relax the external and internal urethral sphincter
- Urine will continue drip into the bladder, after 1 hour, additional filling/ 100-200ml /, micturition reflex begins again
- Bladder volume exceeds 500ml, detrusor muscle may overpower the internal sphincter, internal sphincter is forced open, external sphincter automatically open / uncontrolled /
Cystitis
Bladder infection
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli / caused by Streptococci bacteria /
Glomerulonephritis symptoms
- Hematuria / blood in the urine /
- Proteinuria / protein in the urine /
- Edema, BP high
/ chronic state: PH levels abnormal, bleeding disorder /
Incontinence
Loss of control of the ability to urinate / unable control external urethral sphincter /
Interstitial cystitis
“Painful bladder syndrome ”
Lower abdominal / pubic are pain
Painful bladder syndrome
Interstitial cystitis symptoms
- increased urinary frequency
- increased urinary urgency
- symptoms may increase during menstruation and during intercourse
Women over the age of 40 / than men / which syndrome?
Painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis /
Caused by defect with the bladder ?
Interstitial cystitis
Cystoscopy and biopsy may be needed for ?
Interstitial cystitis
Glomerulus of the nephron becomes damaged and allows the passage of large proteins in the urine / proteinuria / ?
Nephrosis
Nephrosis can be seen in results of
Respiratory infections, childhood immunizations, autoimmune processes
Nighttime urination
Nocturia
Nocturia caused by
- Untreated diabetes mellitus / I and II/
- Pregnancy
- Medication / diuretics, lithium, cardiac glycosides /
- UTInfections
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia /BPH/
Kidneys become enlarged, many blisters like urine filled sacs
Polycystic kidney
“ Kidney infection ”
Pyelonephritis
Caused by Escherichia Coli / normally found in the intestine, colon /
Pyelonephritis
Red flags: fever, pain, increased urination, painful urination, lumbar pain
Which disease?
Kidney infection / pyelonephritis /
Renal Calculi also called ?
Kidney stones
Urine allowed to accumulate in the renal pelvis and concentrate , solutes in the urine /uric acid, salts, minerals /, may start to coagulate and form larger crystals. Crystals move from the larger renal pelvis begin to descend down the narrow ureters , pain will occur ….? Red flag symptoms ?
*Sharp, intense pain in the abdomen, low back
*Pain with urination
*Blood in the urine
Treatment for small stones
Pain medication and drink lot of fluids
Treatment for larger stones
Uretescopy or shock wave lithotripsy
Renal failure “ kidney failure ” caused by
- repeated damaging infections of the kidney
- physical trauma of the kidney
- chemical poisoning
- inadequate blood supply to the kidneys
Renal failure “ kidney failure ” caused by
- repeated damaging infections of the kidney
- physical trauma of the kidney
- chemical poisoning
- inadequate blood supply to the kidneys
UTI caused by
E.Coli
RF* painful, frequent, blood-tinged or cloudy urination, fever, urine has strong, unusual odor “ fishy odor ”
Urinary tract infection
UTI in the urethra is called ?
Urethritis
UTI in the bladder is called?
Cystitis
UTI in the kidney is called ?
Pyelonephritis
If the UTI is in the lower urinary tract, ?
Increasing fluid intake may be enough to flush the infection out
