Reproductive system/STI/Cancer #7

Question 1

What condition has the risk factor of diet consisting of high red meat and high fat content?.

Answer 1

Prostate cancer.

Most men are asymptomatic when they’re diagnosed.

Question 2

What does the Gleason scale measure?

Answer 2

Cell differentiation.

Donald Gleason (pathologist) who realized that cancerous cells fall into 5 distinct patterns as they change from normal cells to Tumor cells. The cells are scored on a scale of 1 to 5. Those cells closest to 1 are considered to be “Low-Grade” tumor cells and tend to look similar to normal cells. Cells closest to 5 are considered “High-grade” and have mutated so much that they barely resemble normal cells

Question 3

What is TURP and what is it used for?

Answer 3

Transurethral resection of the prostate.

It’s a surgery used to treat urinary problems due to an enlarged prostate. A combined visual and surgical instrument (resectoscope) is inserted through the tip of your penis and into the urethra. Using the resectoscope, your doctor trims away excess prostate tissue that’s blocking urine flow.

Question 4

What do cancer cells look like?

Answer 4

Large nuclei and irregular shape.

Ex: lung cancer cells do not function as normal lung cells, but look similar early on… think of cancer as a syndrome instead of a disease.

Question 5

Casuses/risks for cancer:

Answer 5

In order…
2 major: Tobacco and diet (high fat)

Others: 
Infection
Gender
Occupation
Sun and Radon
Alcohol - liver, w/smoking=esophogeal
Pollution
Medicine
Food Additives

Question 6

Malignant Melanoma

Answer 6

Very aggressive and ends up in the brain.

Question 7

What is the name of the gene that stops the growth of tumors?

Answer 7

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Stops the proliferation of cellular growth.

Question 8

What do Oncogenes do?

Answer 8

Stimulate the growth/proliferation of cells… cancer cells too.

Question 9

What do we call the neoplasm that has a capsule?

Answer 9

Benign neoplasm.

Well differentiated.

Cells cannot leave the capsule. Prevents it from spreading.

Question 10

What do we call the neoplasm that does not have a capsule?

Answer 10

Malignant neoplasm.

Able to break off and enter the blood or lymph system, spreading to other areas of the body.
Which is metastasis.

Very selfish and can manufacture their own blood supply system so they can work around healthy tissues… receiving all the nutrition and leeches away from normal healthy cells which end up dying off.

Question 11

Where do lung cancers often metastasize to?

Answer 11

Brain.

Question 12

Where do breast cancers often metastasize to?

Answer 12

Bone and lung.

Question 13

Where do prostate cancers often metastasize to?

Answer 13

Bone.