Heme/Immunity/HIV #3 Flashcards
This immunoglobulin is found in plasma and the interstitial fluid. It is the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta:
IgG
Most prevalent in the body (serum 76%)
Is responsible for secondary immune response. They neutralize body toxins, and viruses.
This immunoglobulin (Ig) is found in the plasma and interstitial fluid, but is the least amount in our bodies (0.002% serum concentration):
IgE
Causes symptoms of allergic reactions.
Fixes to mast cells and basophils
Assists in defense against parasitic infections (like Eosinophils!)
A substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign and mounts an immune response against:
Antigen
The immune response may be either production of an antibody, a cell-mediated response, or both.
An abnormal condition in which the body reacts against constituents of its own tissues:
Autoimmunity
May result in hypersensitivity and autoimmune disease.
This type of immune response is initiated through specific antigen recognition by T cells:
Cell-mediated immunity
Several cell types and factors are involved… T cells, macrophages, NK cells.
It is of primary importance in:
- Immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses and some bacteria)
- Fungal infections
- Rejection of transplanted tissue
- Contact hypersensitivity reactions
- Tumor immunity
One of a large group of low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by various cell types and involved in cell-to-cell communication, coordinating antibody and T cell immune interactions, and regulating immune reactivity:
Cytokines
Cytokines instruct cells to alter their proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity.
Currently more than 100 different cytokines are known.
What are Interleukins, Interferons, Tumor Necrosis Factors, Colony-Stimulating Factors, and Erythropoietin?
These are all Cytokines.
This type of immunity consists of antibody-mediated immunity:
Humoral immunity
humoral comes from Greek: humor, which means body fluid.
Since antibodies are produced by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) and found in plasma, the term humoral immunity is used.
Production of antibodies is an essential component in a humoral immune response.
(HLA) Antigens formed from genes on chromosome 6:
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
The loci are identified by numbers and letters, such as HLA-B27.
Tests for these antigens are used in paternity tests; indication of tissue compatibility for transplantation; and to assist in diagnosis of Reiter’s syndrome, and other conditions.
This exists when the immune system does not adequately protect the body:
Immunodeficiency.
Immunodeficiency disorders involve an impairment of one or more immune mechanisms such as:
- Phagocytosis
- Humoral response
- Cell-mediated response
- Complement
- A combined humoral and cell-mediated deficiency.
These immunodeficiency disorders are PRIMARY if the immune cells are improperly developed or absent (rare and severe) and SECONDARY if the deficiency is caused by illnesses or treatment (more common and less severe).
What is the normal range for T cells?
800 - 1200 T cells / mL
This type of anemia is characterized by jaundice and/or splenomegaly:
Thallessemia
In minor cases may be asymptomatic.
In severe cases may experience physical/mental growth retardation.
This anemia is caused from the decrease in O2 carrying capacity of the immature RBC’s that are being produced in the bone marrow. There is an inadequate production of normal hemoglobin or decreased globulin protein.
This type of anemia manifests with a sore, red, beefy tongue, anorexia, N/V abdominal pain, and an impaired thought process:
Cobalamin Deficienty (Vitatmin B-12)
AKA Pernicious Anemia
This is caused from autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leading to decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and deficiency of intrinsic factor essential for vitamin B-12 absorption in the small bowel.
This type of anemia presents with Glossitis, Cheilitis, Headache, and Paresthesias:
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Most common form. Due to decreased iron from:
GI surgery, Malabsorption, Blood loss (2ML whole blood = 1 mg iron), GI bleed.
Tx: Iron supplements and/or transfusion.
This type of anemia presents exactly as the Cobalamin anemia except with NO neuro problems:
Folic Acid Deficiency
Tx: replace folic acid
