Reproductive System (slides) Flashcards
How many egg and sperm are fertilized for identical twins?
1 egg, 1 sperm that split
How many egg and sperm cells are involved in the fertilization of fraternal twin fetuses?
2 eggs, 2 sperm
It is the time from the first day of a period to the first day of the next.
Menstrual cycle
It refers to the monthly discharge of blood and endometrial tissue
Menstruation/Period
What is another name for menstruation?
Menses
How long does menstruation usually last?
3-7 days, with 5 being the average
What is the purpose of the menstrual cycle?
To prepare the
body for a possible pregnancy
What is the common menstrual cycle length?
Between 21 to 35 days, with 28 days being the average.
Tre or False: Anything that falls outside the 21-35 day range is considered an irregular period.
TRUE
True or False: Irregular period - could be indicative of an underlying menstrual disorder/
TRUE
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation Phase
Follicular Phase
Ovulation Phase
Luteal Phase
This phase is the time of the month when the inner layer of the uterus, the endometrium, is shed.
Menstrual phase
What hormone are involved during the menstrual phase and at what concentrations?
Progesterone and Estrogen at their lowest concentrations
.This stage overlaps with menstruation and begins simultaneously
Follicular phase
In this phase, eggs contained within the follicles on the ovaries begin to develop.
Follicular Phase
The follicular phase typically lasts from day ___ to day ___
1; 14
True or False: The follicular phase continues from day 1 until the person undergoes ovulation.
TRUE
What hormones are involved in the follicular phase?
Estrogen and Luteinizing Hormones
What do you call the sacs that contain fluid and premature eggs?
Follicles
On what day does the ovulation phase occur, and how long does it last?
Day 14; lasts for 12-24 hours
The release of the mature egg during the ovulation phase is triggered by what hormone?
Luteinizing Hormones
True or False: The ovulation phase marks the only time conception is possible during the menstrual cycle.
TRUE
What will happen to an egg cell if it is not fertilized?
It will dissolve.
What hormone induced ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone
During what phase of menstruation is estrogen at its highest concentration?
Ovulation period
What hormones are involved during the ovulation period?
Luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.
This phase is when the follicle that released the egg transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum.
Luteal phase.
The corpus luteum mainly releases what hormones?
Progesterone and estrogen
What does PMS mean?
Premenstrual syndrome
True or False: PMS begins near the end of the follicular phase before entering menstruation.
FALSE. It occurs during the end of luteal phase.
During what phase is luteinizing hormone at its highest?
Ovulation phase
During what phase is progesterone at its highest concentration?
Luteal phase
It is the chief male reproductive organ.
Testes
It is the temporary storage of immature sperm cells.
Epididymis
It is the hormone that induces formation of follicles.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
It is where sperm is developed.
Seminiferous tubules
It is the average day of menstrual cycle.
5 days
It is the hormone that induces ovulation.
Luteinizing hormone
It is the phase of the menstrual cycle wherein progesterone and estrogen are at their lowest level.
Menstrual phase
It is the phase of the menstrual cycle wherein pregnancy is possible.
Ovulation phase
It is the phase of the menstrual cycle that always last for 14 days.
Follicular phase
It is a female reproductive structure that is known as the site of fertilization.
Fallopian tube
When the embryo reaches the uterus, it attaches itself to the soft tissues of the uterine wall. What is this process called?
Implantation
What immediately forms around the zygote after fertilization?
Membrane
After a zygote forms a membrane around itself, what is the name of the resulting mass of undifferentiated cells?
Embryo
What are the stages of embryonic development?
Fertilization
Cleavage
Blastulation
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Organogenesis
Continued morphogenesis
End of first trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
During this stage of embryonic development, the zygote cleaves by mitosis as it moves down the uterus.
Cleavage
During what stage of embryonic development does the embryo form a hollow ball and implant itself in the uterus?
Blastulation
During this stage, there is the formation of placenta around 2-week old embryo.
Gastrulation
During what stage of embryonic development does a 3 week old embryo develop muscle tissues,
vertebra, and blood vessels, nervous system?
Neuralation
A 3 week old embryo is usually how large?
2 mm
During this stage of embryonic development, formation of organs takes place.
Organogenesis
During this stage, the embryo is at 2 months, and shows miniature limbs as hands, arms,
elbows, legs and knees
Continues morphogenesis
During what stage of embryonic development is fetus at 3 months, and has completed organs?
End of first trimester
During which trimester is the heartbeat detected?
Second trimester
It is a eukaryotic cell formed by the process of fertilization, considered to be an early
development stage in all multi-cellular organisms.
Zygote
It is formed after germinal stage, week 8 of gestation
Embryo
What are the two structures that allow for the movement of substances to and from the embryo?
Umbilical cord and placenta
It is the structure which connects the embryo to the mother.
Umbilical cord
It is the part of the uterus to which the umbilical cord is attached.
Placenta
True or False: The placenta is composed partly of the tissues of the uterus and partly tissues of the embryo.
TRUE
What serves as the single bridge between the placenta and embryo?
Umbilical cord
Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called…?
Identical twins
True or False: It is possible to have an identical twin who is the opposite sex.
FALSE. Identical twins can only ever be the same sex to one another.
True or False: Fraternal twins are genetically no closer than brother and sister.
TRUE
What is the largest number of twins?
12
Refers to the time between conception and birth.
Gestation
It is a noncancerous tumor that can grow on the inside of the uterus.
Uterine fibroids
It is the enlargement of the prostate gland.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
It is one of the most common types of cancer.
Prostate cancer
True or False: Prostate cancer is limited only to the prostate gland and nowhere else.
TRUE
It is the inflammation of the epididymis.
Epididymitis
It is the inflammation of both testicles.
Orchitis
True or False: Endometriosis is incuriable.
TRUE
It occurs when endometrial implants, comprised of tissue
normally found within the uterus, are present in other areas of the body.
Endometriosis
True or False: Uterine fibroids are also known as myomas.
TRUE
This is a condition wherein a woman produces higher-than normal amounts of male hormones. This hormone imbalance causes them to skip menstrual periods and makes it harder for them to get pregnant.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
It is a process in which an egg is fertilized by a sperm outside of the female body.
In vitro fertilization
It is an intervention strategy for treating diseases or injuries by introducing new adult stem cells to replace diseased
or damaged areas in the body.
Stem Cell Therapy
What do you call the part of the follicular phase that comes after menstruation?
Proliferative phase
True or False: Excessive bleeding during the menstruation phase can lead to anemia.
TRUE. Especially for those with low iron levels.
True or False: Excessive bleeding during the menstruation phase can lead to anemia.
TRUE. Especially for those with low iron levels.
What hormone triggers the release of the mature egg cell during the luteal phase?
Luteinizing hormone
During the ovulation phase, what will happen to the egg if it is not fertilized?
It will dissolve.
What phase is characterized by bloating, cramping, tiredness, and irritability?
Menstruation Phase
What phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by increased energy levels?
Follicular Phase
What stage of the menstrual cycle is characterized by increased body temperature?
Ovulation period
What is secreted during the luteal phase that causes the endometrium to remain thick throughout pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC)
