reproductive system pathologies Flashcards
enlargement of prostate gland
begin prostatic hyperplasia
describe benign prostatic hyperplasia
Enlargement of the prostate gland
May be called benign prostatic hypertrophy but seems to be mainly more cells, not bigger
Common in men older than 60 yrs. of age
May cause the inability to empty bladder completely, leading to partial urinary tract obstruction, bilateral ureteral dilation and hydronephrosis
US, MRI, excretory urography/ voiding cystogram for diagnosis
radiographic appearance of prostatic hyperplasia (benign)
On a voiding cystogram:
Elevated bladder floor - smooth
Fishhook distal ureters
2nd most common malignancy in men
prostate cancer-Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate Gland
what is a digital exam for Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate Gland
Finger in RECTUM, not Digital imaging
Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate Gland
Prostate cancer is the 2nd most common malignancy in men
Almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinoma
May cause bladder neck obstruction, infiltration of the trigone, or invasive obstruction of ureters = potential obstruction of upper urinary tract
Digital exam = finger in rectum not digital imaging!
US, MRI, excretory urography/ voiding cystogram for diagnosis
radiographic + imaging appearance Prostate gland adenocarcinoma
Radiographic appearance
Irregular elevated base of bladder on voiding cystogram
Imaging appearance:
Transrectal (TR) US best technique to detect
MRI for staging and determining malignancy
uterine fibroids
Leiomyomas
Benign smooth-muscle tumors that can vary in number and size
Growth of fibroid tumors stimulated by estrogen
May put pressure on other organs if large
another term for uterine fibroids
leiomyomas
radiographic appearance of uterine fibroids
Radiographic appearance:
KUB – characteristic mottled, mulberry, or popcorn calcification
Smooth lobulated nodules, stippled (numerous dots or specks) or whorled (spiral or swirly)
US/MRI also used
what is the most common malignancy for women 44-50 years old
breast cancer
most common type of breast cancer
adenocarcinoma
describe breast cancer
Breast cancer is most common malignancy for 44-50-year-old women
Most often UOQ
There are many types of breast cancer
Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer
Develops from glandular cells in epithelial tissue involving the ducts or lobules
May have lump, skin thickening, dimpling (peau d’orange), nipple retraction
Mainly a women’s disease, but men do get breast cancer
radiographic appearance of breast cancer
Mammography – Mass and/or calcifications
Poorly defined mass with areas of distortion and has irregular margins with numerous fine linear strands or spicules radiating from it (spiculated/stellate)
Multiple small clustered (localized) calcifications or microcalcifications
Nipple retraction
Thickened skin
breast cancer in situ
For breast cancer, in situ means that the cancer cells remain confined to ducts or lobules
Sometimes referred to as non-invasive breast cancer
whats the gold standard for breast imaging
mammography -Full field digital mammography aided by AI systems (CAD) for tumor recognition
Now DBT used commonly
BI-RADS used
Almost all breast cancers appear as a mass and or clustered calcifications
Prompt biopsy is required when this is seen
Magnification images may also be taken
breast biopsy
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)
Removes fluid sample for analysis
Uses mammography or US
Core Biopsy (with/without vacuum assistance)
Next slide
Surgical biopsy /open biopsy
Suspicious lump removed and analyzed
Fibrocystic Breast Changes
Breast tissue thickens, cysts develop
Cyst = fluid filled sac, well circumscribed
Cysts vary in size, number and composition (and more fibrous tissue may be present in breast)
Cysts are usually bilateral in FBC
Cyst size changes with menstrual cycle
Potentially painful, lumpy breasts
Radiographic appearance (mammography):
Multiple cysts (roundish radiopaque masses)of varying sizes
Usually bilaterally in FBC
fibroma of the breast
Most common benign breast tumor
Consists of fibrous (connective) and glandular tissue
Smooth, round or oval, gently lobulated
Solid lesion
Not pre-cancerous
mammography appearance of the cyst
Mammographic appearance - cyst:
Mammography: Smooth, well-circumscribed circular mass
No speculation (no invasion into surrounding tissue)
It may have a halo surrounding
US needed to differentiate cystic vs. solid
US shows fluid/cystic mass
Mammographic appearance - fibroadenoma:
Mammography: Smooth, well-circumscribed, often lobulated mass
No speculation (no invasion into surrounding tissue)
Popcorn calcification may be present
US to differentiate cystic vs. solid
The US shows a solid mass
Female Infertility
Infertility: Not being able to get pregnant (lack of fertilization or implantation)
Due to abnormal uterus, obstructed fallopian tubes, issues with eggs
Evaluated in 2 ways in DI: US, hysterosalpingogram
Radiographic appearance:
Hysterosalpingogram (under fluoroscopy) – iodinated contrast to demonstrate ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus and any blockage or malformation is seen
Can sometimes open blocked tubes
US- screening for congenital anomalies and to monitor treatment
