Reproductive system, Nephrons and Pathologies Flashcards
Where does a vasectomy occur?
Ductus deferens
What two parts of the posterior urinary bladder join to make the ejaculatory duct?
Ampulla of ductus deferent & Seminal gland
Where does capacitation of spermatozoa start?
Ejaculatory duct
What are the 4 functions of the epididymis?
- Stores spermatozoa
- Protects spermatozoa
- Recycles damaged or old spermatozoa, by breaking them down with enzymes
- Monitors and adjusts composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules for optimal benefit of spermatozoa
What hormone initiates muscle contractions along the male and female reproductive tract?
Prostaglandins
After ejaculation, what hormone found in semen forms a temporary clot in the vagina?
Fibrinogen
What is the name of the antibacterial enzyme secreted by the prostate gland that decreases UTIs in men?
Seminalplasmin
What is capacitation ?
The initiation of spermatozoa swimming
What is emission?
Discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculaiton
What is ejaculation?
Powerful release of semen from urethra to the exterior
T or F? Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex
False! it is a SYMPATHETIC REFLEX
What part of the spine is ejaculation coordinated by?
Lumbar portion of spine
What secretion from the seminal gland is slightly alkaline to help neutralize the acids in the secretions?
Fibrinogen
What 3 ions are secreted in to the DCT in exchange for NA+
Hydrogen ions
Ammonium ions
Potassium ions
What hormone controls the reabsorption of NA+ in the collecting duct?
Aldosterone
____ acts on the collection system for the reabsorption of H20
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed in exchange for ____
Chloride (Cl-)
What is the name of the two pumps found in the DCT that take in the body’s toxins
Sodium and Chloride pumps
What do chemoreceptors do? Where are they found?
Regulates level of pH, CO2 and O2 in blood
Found in: walls of carotid arteries, and aortic arch
What do baroreceptors do? Where are they found?
Monitors stretch of arteries
Found in: walls of carotid arteries, aorta, and right atrium
What is hypernatremia? What causes it? What are some symptoms?
Abnormally high levels of sodium in body
due to: loss of H20
symptoms: thirst, dry/wrinkling skin,
What is hyponatremia? What causes this?
(aka as water intoxication) very low levels of sodium in the body
Due to: large intake of water
Overhydration causes ______, where as dehydration causes ______.
Overhydration = hyponatremia Dehydration = hypernatremia
What does the Protein Buffer System do?
This is when amino acids respond to pH change by + or - a hydrogen ion to their composition
What is the Carbonic-Acid Buffer System equation?
H20+CO2 < ~ > H2OCO3 < ~ >H+ HCO3-
What does the Phosphate Buffer System use?
The anion H2PO4- (dihydrogen phosphate ion), which is a weak acid
What is respiratory acidosis? What is the usual cause to this?
When the respiratory system cannot eliminate all the CO2 generated in peripheral tissue (too much CO2)
As a result of: hypoventilation (cardiac arrest, drowning)
What is respiratory alkalosis? What does this cause? What is this due to?
When PCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) is below normal levels
This causes hypocapnia (state of reduced CO2 in blood)
As a result of: hyperventilation
What is lactic acidosis? When does it occur?
When cells rely on anaerobic respiration
occurs: after strenuous exercise
What is ketoacidosdis? In which two cases does this occur? Why does this happen?
When ketone bodies are developed during starvation or diabetes mellitus
Because glucose cant be obtained from bloodstream, the body metabolizes lipids
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when_____ ion elevate in the body
bicarbonate
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body becomes too ____ due to which two reasons?
Acidic
- Too many ketone bodies produces due to lack of carbs in food
- Low O2 causes cells to produce lactic acid instead of pyruvic acid
What 3 enzymes are found in semen? What do they do?
- Protease: breaks down protein found in mucus of vagina
- Seminalplasmin: antibacterial which prevents UITs in males
- Fibrinolysin: liquifies clotted semen after 15-30 min
In the prepuce, the preputial gland secretes ____ which is a source for ____
smegma ; bacteria
In a nephron, water reabsorption occurs via _____ which is considered _______ transport
Osmosis ; passive transport
In a nephron, solutes are reabsorbed via ______ ______, _______ transport, _____ transport, & ______.
facilitated diffusion
active transport
counter transport
cotransport
Substances in the DCT and Collecting Duct usually move by _____ transport, where _____ is needed
Active transport; ATP
Passive transport such as ___ and ____ occurs at the ____ and _________ parts of a nephron
diffusion; osmosis ; DCT ; Loop of Henele
At the collecting duct, Na+ reabsorption is controlled by ______
Aldosterone
ADH acts on the collecting system for the reabsorption of ____
H20
At the collecting duct, bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed in exchange for ____
Chloride (Cl-)
What does the enzyme protease do?
breaks down protein found in vagina’s mucus
What does the enzyme fibrinolysis do?
Liquifies clotted semen in vagina after 15-30 min
What does the enzyme fibrinogen do? What gland is it secreted by? What does it do in regards to pH?
forms a temporary clot in vagina after ejaculation.
Secreted by: seminal gland
Helps neutralize acids in secretions (slightly alkaline)
What are the 3 functions of the ovary’s?
Produce oocytes
Secrete estrogens and progestins
Secrete inhibin
What does inhibin do?
Regulates FSH production from the pituitary gland
What is oogenesis?How often does it occur?
Production of an oocyte on a monthly basis
When does oogenesis begin, accelerate and end?
Begins: birth
Accelerates: puberty
Ends: Menopause
At puberty, levels of what hormone rise triggering the ovarian cycle to begin?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
What are the 3 sections of the uterine tube? What occurs there
- Infundibulum: contains cilia that help move oocyte
- Ampulla: contains thick smooth muscle in walls for peristalsis
- Isthmus
What are the 4 functions of the uterus?
- Protection
- Nutritional support for developing embryo
- Waste removal for embryo
- Helps eject fetus at birth
____ is the part of the uterus extend to the vagina
Cervix
____ is the largest portion of the uterus
Body
What are the layers of the uterus? What do they do? What percentage do they each make up?
Endometrium: -10% of uterine mass -supports physical demands of the fetus Myometrium: -90% of uterine mass - produces contractions to aid in ejecting the fetus at birth Perimetrium: -Super thin outer layer
What allows the endometrium of the uterus to support the physiological demands of the fetus?
Contains glandular and vascular tissue
What are the three steps of the uterine cycle?
- Menses
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
What is menarche?
Very first uterine cycle that begins at puberty
What is menopause?
The termination of the uterine cycle
What is amenorrhea?
The absence of menstruation for 6 months or more
What are the 4 functions of the vagina?
- Passage way for elimination of menstrual fluid
- Receives penis
- Holds sperm
- Allows fetus to pass
What two glands are associated with the external genitalia? Which of the two are always active vs only active during sex?
Lesser Vestibular Glands: always active, keeps vagina moist, prevents inflammation
Greater Vestibular Glands: Active only during sex, for lube
What 2 hormones control milk production? What are they secreted by? What else has a factor in milk production? Where does it occur?
Prolactin and Oxytocin by the pituitary gland.
Placenta
Mammary glands in breasts
What is the order of milk production?
Lobule containing alveoli Secondary tubule Mammary duct Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct
Where is milk stored until ready to use?
Lactiferous sinus
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation due ot uterine inflammation
