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Anatomy & Physiology II > Reproductive system, Nephrons and Pathologies > Flashcards

Reproductive system, Nephrons and Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Where does a vasectomy occur?

A

Ductus deferens

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2
Q

What two parts of the posterior urinary bladder join to make the ejaculatory duct?

A

Ampulla of ductus deferent & Seminal gland

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3
Q

Where does capacitation of spermatozoa start?

A

Ejaculatory duct

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of the epididymis?

A
  1. Stores spermatozoa
  2. Protects spermatozoa
  3. Recycles damaged or old spermatozoa, by breaking them down with enzymes
  4. Monitors and adjusts composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules for optimal benefit of spermatozoa
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5
Q

What hormone initiates muscle contractions along the male and female reproductive tract?

A

Prostaglandins

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6
Q

After ejaculation, what hormone found in semen forms a temporary clot in the vagina?

A

Fibrinogen

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7
Q

What is the name of the antibacterial enzyme secreted by the prostate gland that decreases UTIs in men?

A

Seminalplasmin

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8
Q

What is capacitation ?

A

The initiation of spermatozoa swimming

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9
Q

What is emission?

A

Discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculaiton

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10
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Powerful release of semen from urethra to the exterior

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11
Q

T or F? Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex

A

False! it is a SYMPATHETIC REFLEX

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12
Q

What part of the spine is ejaculation coordinated by?

A

Lumbar portion of spine

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13
Q

What secretion from the seminal gland is slightly alkaline to help neutralize the acids in the secretions?

A

Fibrinogen

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14
Q

What 3 ions are secreted in to the DCT in exchange for NA+

A

Hydrogen ions
Ammonium ions
Potassium ions

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15
Q

What hormone controls the reabsorption of NA+ in the collecting duct?

A

Aldosterone

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16
Q

____ acts on the collection system for the reabsorption of H20

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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17
Q

Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed in exchange for ____

A

Chloride (Cl-)

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18
Q

What is the name of the two pumps found in the DCT that take in the body’s toxins

A

Sodium and Chloride pumps

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19
Q

What do chemoreceptors do? Where are they found?

A

Regulates level of pH, CO2 and O2 in blood

Found in: walls of carotid arteries, and aortic arch

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20
Q

What do baroreceptors do? Where are they found?

A

Monitors stretch of arteries

Found in: walls of carotid arteries, aorta, and right atrium

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21
Q

What is hypernatremia? What causes it? What are some symptoms?

A

Abnormally high levels of sodium in body
due to: loss of H20
symptoms: thirst, dry/wrinkling skin,

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22
Q

What is hyponatremia? What causes this?

A

(aka as water intoxication) very low levels of sodium in the body
Due to: large intake of water

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23
Q

Overhydration causes ______, where as dehydration causes ______.

A 
Overhydration = hyponatremia 
Dehydration = hypernatremia
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24
Q

What does the Protein Buffer System do?

A

This is when amino acids respond to pH change by + or - a hydrogen ion to their composition

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25
Q

What is the Carbonic-Acid Buffer System equation?

A

H20+CO2 < ~ > H2OCO3 < ~ >H+ HCO3-

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26
Q

What does the Phosphate Buffer System use?

A

The anion H2PO4- (dihydrogen phosphate ion), which is a weak acid

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27
Q

What is respiratory acidosis? What is the usual cause to this?

A

When the respiratory system cannot eliminate all the CO2 generated in peripheral tissue (too much CO2)
As a result of: hypoventilation (cardiac arrest, drowning)

28
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis? What does this cause? What is this due to?

A

When PCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) is below normal levels
This causes hypocapnia (state of reduced CO2 in blood)
As a result of: hyperventilation

29
Q

What is lactic acidosis? When does it occur?

A

When cells rely on anaerobic respiration

occurs: after strenuous exercise

30
Q

What is ketoacidosdis? In which two cases does this occur? Why does this happen?

A

When ketone bodies are developed during starvation or diabetes mellitus
Because glucose cant be obtained from bloodstream, the body metabolizes lipids

31
Q

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when_____ ion elevate in the body

A

bicarbonate

32
Q

Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body becomes too ____ due to which two reasons?

A

Acidic

  1. Too many ketone bodies produces due to lack of carbs in food
  2. Low O2 causes cells to produce lactic acid instead of pyruvic acid
33
Q

What 3 enzymes are found in semen? What do they do?

A
  1. Protease: breaks down protein found in mucus of vagina
  2. Seminalplasmin: antibacterial which prevents UITs in males
  3. Fibrinolysin: liquifies clotted semen after 15-30 min
34
Q

In the prepuce, the preputial gland secretes ____ which is a source for ____

A

smegma ; bacteria

35
Q

In a nephron, water reabsorption occurs via _____ which is considered _______ transport

A

Osmosis ; passive transport

36
Q

In a nephron, solutes are reabsorbed via ______ ______, _______ transport, _____ transport, & ______.

A

facilitated diffusion
active transport
counter transport
cotransport

37
Q

Substances in the DCT and Collecting Duct usually move by _____ transport, where _____ is needed

A

Active transport; ATP

38
Q

Passive transport such as ___ and ____ occurs at the ____ and _________ parts of a nephron

A

diffusion; osmosis ; DCT ; Loop of Henele

39
Q

At the collecting duct, Na+ reabsorption is controlled by ______

A

Aldosterone

40
Q

ADH acts on the collecting system for the reabsorption of ____

A

H20

41
Q

At the collecting duct, bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed in exchange for ____

A

Chloride (Cl-)

42
Q

What does the enzyme protease do?

A

breaks down protein found in vagina’s mucus

43
Q

What does the enzyme fibrinolysis do?

A

Liquifies clotted semen in vagina after 15-30 min

44
Q

What does the enzyme fibrinogen do? What gland is it secreted by? What does it do in regards to pH?

A

forms a temporary clot in vagina after ejaculation.
Secreted by: seminal gland
Helps neutralize acids in secretions (slightly alkaline)

45
Q

What are the 3 functions of the ovary’s?

A

Produce oocytes
Secrete estrogens and progestins
Secrete inhibin

46
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Regulates FSH production from the pituitary gland

47
Q

What is oogenesis?How often does it occur?

A

Production of an oocyte on a monthly basis

48
Q

When does oogenesis begin, accelerate and end?

A

Begins: birth
Accelerates: puberty
Ends: Menopause

49
Q

At puberty, levels of what hormone rise triggering the ovarian cycle to begin?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

50
Q

What are the 3 sections of the uterine tube? What occurs there

A
  1. Infundibulum: contains cilia that help move oocyte
  2. Ampulla: contains thick smooth muscle in walls for peristalsis
  3. Isthmus
51
Q

What are the 4 functions of the uterus?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Nutritional support for developing embryo
  3. Waste removal for embryo
  4. Helps eject fetus at birth
52
Q

____ is the part of the uterus extend to the vagina

A

Cervix

53
Q

____ is the largest portion of the uterus

A

Body

54
Q

What are the layers of the uterus? What do they do? What percentage do they each make up?

A 
Endometrium: 
-10% of uterine mass
-supports physical demands of the fetus
Myometrium:
-90% of uterine mass
- produces contractions to aid in ejecting the fetus at birth
Perimetrium:
-Super thin outer layer
55
Q

What allows the endometrium of the uterus to support the physiological demands of the fetus?

A

Contains glandular and vascular tissue

56
Q

What are the three steps of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menses
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory phase
57
Q

What is menarche?

A

Very first uterine cycle that begins at puberty

58
Q

What is menopause?

A

The termination of the uterine cycle

59
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

The absence of menstruation for 6 months or more

60
Q

What are the 4 functions of the vagina?

A
  1. Passage way for elimination of menstrual fluid
  2. Receives penis
  3. Holds sperm
  4. Allows fetus to pass
61
Q

What two glands are associated with the external genitalia? Which of the two are always active vs only active during sex?

A

Lesser Vestibular Glands: always active, keeps vagina moist, prevents inflammation
Greater Vestibular Glands: Active only during sex, for lube

62
Q

What 2 hormones control milk production? What are they secreted by? What else has a factor in milk production? Where does it occur?

A

Prolactin and Oxytocin by the pituitary gland.
Placenta
Mammary glands in breasts

63
Q

What is the order of milk production?

A 
Lobule containing alveoli
Secondary tubule
Mammary duct 
Lactiferous sinus 
Lactiferous duct
64
Q

Where is milk stored until ready to use?

A

Lactiferous sinus

65
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menstruation due ot uterine inflammation

Anatomy & Physiology II (7 decks)

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