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SUGAR > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the male and female gonads derived from embryologically?

A

Urogenital/gonadal ridge

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2
Q

What is present in the undifferentiated reproductive tract? (3)

A

Wolffian ducts
Mullerian ducts
Cloaca

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3
Q

What causes male reproductive organs to form?

A

Presence of the Y chromosome and thus the absence of SRY gene

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4
Q

What does the Y chromosome do?

A

SRY gene causes primordial gonads to differentiate into testes.
Sertoli cells –> produce MIF –> Mullerian ducts regress
Leydig cells –> produce testosterone –> Wolffian ducts develop

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5
Q

How does male external genitalia develop?

A

Testosterone in target tissue –> converted into DIH.

DIH stimulates development of scrotum, penis and prostate

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6
Q

What causes testes to descend into the scrotum?

A

Testosterone

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7
Q

What forms the glans penis?

A

Genital tubercle

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8
Q

What forms the corpus spongiosum?

A

Urethral folds (fuse)

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9
Q

What forms the scrotum, penis and prostate?

A

Labioscrotal folds

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10
Q

What does the X chromosome do?

A

Absence of SRY gene causes primordial cells to differentiate into ovaries
No MIF –> Mullerian ducts persist
No testosterone –> Wolffian ducts regress

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11
Q

What forms the clitoris?

A

Glands tubercle

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12
Q

What forms the labia minora?

A

Urethral folds (fuse)

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13
Q

What forms the labia majora?

A

Labioscrotal folds

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14
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Specialised cells that develop into gametes (sperm & ova)

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15
Q

What are the two stages of gametogenesis?

A
  1. Mitosis of primordial germ cells

1 Meiosis

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16
Q

When does mitosis happen in the germ cells?

A

Males: some during fetal development, but mainly after puberty and throughout life
Females: during fetal development

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17
Q

What does mitosis of the primordial germ cells produce?

A

Males: primary spermatocytes
Females: perimary oocytes

18
Q

When does meiosis 1 compete in the germ cells?

A

Males: During puberty
Females: After puberty

19
Q

When does meiosis 2 complete in the germ cells?

A

Males: During puberty
Females: After fertilisation

20
Q

What does meiosis 1 of the germ cells produce?

A

Males: Secondary spermatocyte (2)
Females: Secondary oocyte (1) + primary polar body

21
Q

What does meiosis 2 of the germ cells produce?

A

Males: Spermatids
Females: Ovum + secondary polar body

22
Q

Where does meiosis occur in the male?

A

Seminiferous tubules

23
Q

Where does meiosis occur in the female?

A

Meiosis 1 = ovaries

Meiosis 2 = fallopian tube

24
Q

What is the path of sperm from inside to outside? (8)

A 
[SREEVEN UP]
Seminiferous tubules
Rete testes
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing

Urethra
Penile urethra

25
Q

What is the unfertilised egg that’s lost during menarche?

A

Secondary oocyte (arrested @ metaphase 2)

26
Q

What is needed for normal sperm production and how is this achieved?

A

Temp. of 35 degrees

  • air circulating around scrotum
  • heat exchange mechanism via pampiniform plexus
27
Q

What forms the blood-testes barrier?

A

Sertoli cells (around circumference of seminiferous tubules) connected by tight junctions

28
Q

What are type A spermatogonia?

A

Remain outside the BTB, and produce more spermatogonia until death

29
Q

What does the epididymis do?

A

Site for sperm maturation and storage

30
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

Seminal vesicles

Vad deferens

31
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct join the urethra?

A

In the prostate gland

32
Q

What does ejaculate consist of?

A

Fluid from prostate gland and seminal vesicle (90%)

Sperm (10%)

33
Q

What do fluid from prostate and seminal vesicles contain?

A
  • Buffers (acidic vaginal secretions & residual urine in M urethra)
  • Fructose (provide energy for motility)
  • Prostaglandins (stimulate female peristaltic contractions)
34
Q

What is the need for a blood-testes barrier?

A

To separate sperm from the immune system

35
Q

What are type B spermatogonia?

A

Enter BTB and differentiate into primary spermatocytes

36
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids –> spermatozoa (by discarding cytoplasm and growing a tail)

37
Q

Describe the HPG axis of male reproductive function (6)

A

HT: secretes GnRH
AP: secretes LH and FSH
LH: Leydig cells –> testosterone
FSH: Sertoli cells –> spermatogenesis + inhibin
Testosterone inhibits HP and LH release at AP
Inhibin inhibits FSH release at AP

38
Q

Name the parts of the fallopian tube in the direction of travel of the egg

A

Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla (fertilisation)
Isthmus (narrow)

39
Q

Define primary amenorrhoea

A

Haven’t stated menarche

40
Q

Define secondary amenorrhoea

A

Started period, but it has since stopped for > 3 months

41
Q

Define oligomenorrhoea

A

Infrequent periods

42
Q

Define menorrhagia

A

Painful/ heavy periods

SUGAR (7 decks)

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