reproductive system Flashcards
another name for gonads
primary sex organs
gonads produce
secrete?
sex cells
sex hormones
another name for sex cells
gamates
reproductive role of the man is to
manufacture male gamates called sperm and deliver them to the woman’s reproductive tract
reproductive role of the woman is to
produce female gamates called ova or eggs.
sperm and egg fuse together to produce
a fertilized egg
a fertilized egg is the first
cell of a new individual
plays vital roles both in the development and function of the reproductive organs and in sexual behavior and drives
sex hormones
influence the growth and development of many other organs and tissues of the body
gonadal hormones
another name for testes
male gonads
have both endocrine and exocrine function
testes
endocrine function of testes
testosterone producing
exocrine function of testes
sperm producing
size of testes
4cm long and 2.5 cm wide
What surrounds each testis
extension of this capsule?
a fibrous connective tissue capsule , the tunica albuginea “white coat”
septa
septa plunges into the
testes and divide it into a large number of wedge shaped lobules
actual sperm forming factories
seminiferous tubules
seminiferous tubules of each lobe empty sperm into another set of tubules
the rete testis
the rete testis are located
at each side of the testis
sperm travels through the rete testis to enter the first part of the duct system called
epididymis, which hugs the external surface of the testis
lying in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules are the
interstitial cells
interstitial cells produce
androgens, the most important of which is testosterone
transport sperm from the body are
epididymis, ductus deferens and urethra
highly coiled tube that caps the superior part of the testes
epidydymis
epidydymis provides a
temporary storage site for the immature sperm that enter it from the testis
first part of the male duct system
epidydymis
when a man ejaculates, the walls of the epidydymis contract to expel the sperm into the next part of the duct system called
the ductus deferens
another name for ductus deferens
vas deferens
the end of the ductus deferens exapands as the;
and them empties into the
ampulla
ejaculatory duct
ejaculatory duct passes through the
prostate gland to merge with the urethra
main function of the ductus deferens is to
propel live sperm from their storage sites, the epidydymis, into the urethra
sac that hangs outside the body cavity and holds the testes
scrotum
birth control of men
vasectomy
a man is sterile after this procedure
vasectomy
terminal part of the male duct system
urethra
urethra has 3 regions
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra surrounds the
prostate gland
spanning the distance from the prostate gland to the penis
membranous urethra
running within the length of the penis and opening to the body exterior via the external urethral orifice
spongy urethra
another name for spongy urethra
penile urethra
male urethra carries both
urine and sperm to the body exterior
male urethra serves both
urinary and reproductive systems
accessory glands include
paired seminal vesicles
single prostate
bulbourethral glands
accessory glands produce
bulk of the semen
explain semen
the sperm containing fluid that is propelled out of the male’s reproductive tract during ejaculation
located at the base of the bladder
seminal vesicles
seminal vesicles produce
60% of the seminal fluid
describe seminal fluid
a fluid volume of semen
thick yellowish
sperm and sminal fluid enter the urethra together during
ejaculation
single doughnut shaped gland about the size of a peach pit
prostate
prostate encircles the
upper prostatic part of the urethra just below the urinary kidney
prostate gland secretion is a milk fluid that plays a role in
activating sperm
prostate has a reputation as a
health destroyer
affects nearly older men and strangles the urethra
hypertrophy
hypertrophy makes urination
difficult and enhances the risk of bladder infections and kidney damage
another name of bladder infection
cystitis
inflammation of the prostate
prostatitis
single most reason for a man to consult a urologist
prostatitis
3rd most prevalent cancer in men
prostatic cancer
slow growing, hidden condition but it can be swift and deadly killer
prostatic cancer
tiny pea sized glands inferior to the prostate gland
bulbouerthral glands
bulbouerthral glands produce
a thick, clear mucus that drains into the penile urethra
bulbouerthral secretion is the first
to pass down the urethra when the man is sexually excited
bulbouerthral secretion cleanses the
urethra of traces of acidic urine prior to ejaculation and serves as a lubrication during sexual intercourse
stream line cellular missiles
semen
the fructose in the seminal vesicle secretion provides essentially all of their
energy fuel
relative alkalinity of semen as a whole neutralize the
acidic environments in the vagina
sluggish under acidic conditions
sperm
semen contains
antibiotic chemicals that destroy certain bacteria, the hormone relaxin, certain enzymes that enhance sperm mobility and substances that inhibit an immune response in the female productive tract
sperm mobility is impaired without
semen diluting sperm
male infertility may be caused by
obstructions of the duct system, hormonal imbalance , environmental estrogens, pesticides, excessive alcohol
first series of tests done when a couple has been unable to conceive is
semen analysis
makes impregnation improbable
sperm count lower than 20 million per mL
male external genitalia include
scrotum and penis
explain scrotum
sac that hangs at the root of the penis
scrotum contains his
entire genetic heritage
viable sperm cannot be produced at
require
normal body temp
about 3 degree C (5.4 degree F) or lower
changes in scrotal surface area can maintain a temp that
favor viable sperm production
designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
penis
skin covered penis consists of a
shaft
enlarged tip of the penis
glans penis
another name for foreskin
prepuce
spongy urethra is surrounded by 3 elongated areas of
erectile tissue
describe erectile tissue
spongy tissue that fills with blood during sexual excitement
erectile tissue causes the penis to
enlarge and become regis
chief role of male reproductive process is to produce
sperm and testosterone
another name for sperm production
spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis begins during
puberty and continues throughout life
sperm forms in the
seminiferous tubules of the testis
sperm process is begun by the primitive stem cells called
spermatogonia
during puberty what is secreted in increasing amounts
FSH
type A cell remains at the tubule periphery to
maintain the stem cell population
type B cell gets pushed toward the tubule lumen, where it becomes
primary spermatocyte
primary spermatocyte destined to undergo
meiosis and form 4 sperm
explain meiosis
special type of nuclear division that occurs for the most part only in the gonads
meiosis differs from mitosis in 2 major ways
meiosis consists of 2 successive divisions of the nucleus, instead of only 1 division. it results in 4 daughter cells or more precisely 4 gamates
2 successive divisions of the nucleus
meiosis I and II
in spermatogenesis the gamates are called
spermatids
spermatids have only
half as much genetic material as other body cells
in humans there is how many chromosomes
23
when sperm and egg unite,
forms the fertilized egg or zygote
as meiosis occurs
the dividing cells (primary and then secondary spermatocytes) are pushed toward the lumen of the tubule
the spermatids produced by meiosis are not
functional sperms
last stage of sperm development
spermiogenesis
sperm head contains
compacted DNA
produced by golgi apparatus and is similar to large lysosome
acrosome
when a sperm comes into close contact with an egg the acrosomal membrane
breaks down and releases enzymes that help the sperm penetrate through the capsule of follicle cells that surround the egg
form the long tail, arise from the centroiles in the midpiece
follicles
entire process form the formation of a primary spermatocyte to release of immature sperm in the tubule takes
64 to 72 days
antibiotics that suppress sperm formation
penicillin and tetracycline
interstitial cells produce
testosterone
testosterone is the most important
hormonal product of the testes
during puberty, as the seminiferous tubules are being prodded by FSH to produce;
the interstitial cells are being activated by
sperm
Luteinizing hormones
Luteinizing hormones are released by
anterior pituitary gland
features induced in nonreproductive organs by sex hormones
secondary sex characteristics
male secondary sex characteristics include
deep voice
hair growth all over the body
enlarged muscles
testosterone is called
masculinizing hormone
sexual infantilism
if testosterone is not produced the secondary sex characteristics never appear in young man and his other reproductive organs remain childlike
castration of the adult male or the inability of his interstitial cells to produce testosterone results in
a decrease in the size and function of his reproductive organs as well sex drive
also occurs because testosterone is necessary for the final stages of sperm production
sterility
primary female reproductive organs
ovaries
exocrine product of ovaries
eggs or ova
endocrine product of ovaries
estrogens and progesterone
other organs of the female reproductive system serve as
accessory structures to transport, nurture or otherwise serve the needs of the reproductive cells and or the developing fetus
internal view of an ovary reveals many tiny saclike structures called
ovarian follicles
each ovarian follicle consists of an;
surrounded by one more layers of very different cells called
immature egg called an oocyte
follicle cells
as a developing egg within a follicle begins to ripen or mature,
the follicle enlarges and develops a fluid-filled central region called an antrum
the developing egg is ready to be ejected from the ovary, an event called
ovulation
after ovulation the ruptured follicle is transformed into a very different looking structure called a
corpus luteum “yellow body”
ovulation generally occurs every
28 days
in older women the surfaces of the ovaries are
scarred and pitted, which attests to the fact that many eggs have been released
the ovaries are secured to the lateral walls of the pelvis by the
suspensory ligaments
suspensory ligaments flank the uterus laterally and anchor to it medially by the
ovarian ligaments
ovarian ligaments are enclosed and held in place by a fold of peritoneum, called
broad ligaments
forms the duct system of the female reproductive tract
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
another name for uterine tubes;
fallopian tubes
fallopian tubes forms the initial part of the
duct system
fallopian tubes receive the
ovulated occyte and provide a site where fertilization can occur
uterine tubes are enclosed and supported by the
broad ligament
there is no what between uterine tube and ovaries
contact
gonorrhea sometimes infect
peritoneal cavity causing an extremely inflammation called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
in PID isnt treated, it can cause
scarring and closure of the narrow uterine tubes, which is one of the major causes of female infertility
uterus is also called the
womb
uterus is located between the
urinary bladder and rectum
function of uterus
receive, retain and nourish a fertilized egg
uterus is suspended in the pelvis by the broad ligament and anchored anteriorly and posteiorly by the
round and uterosacral ligaments
the major portion of the uterus is reffered to as the
body
superior region above the entrance of the uterine tube is the
narrow outlet, which protrudes into the vagina below is called
fundus
cervix
wall of the uterus is composed of 3 layers
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
inner layer or mucosa is the
endometrium
define implantation
when fertilization occurs the fertilized egg burrows into the endometrium
common among women between the ages of 30 and 50
cancer of the cervix
risk factors of cancer of the cervix includes
cervical inflammation, sexually transmitted diseases, multiple pregnancies and many sexual partners
a yearly single most important diagnostic test for detecting this slow growing cancer, cancer of the cervix
pap smear
a 3 dose vaccine that provides protection from HPV induced cervical cancer
Gardasil
latest addition to the official childhood immunization schedule (11 and 12 year old girls)
Gardasil
bulky middle layer of the uterus
myometrium
myometrium plays an active role during the
delivery of a baby, when it contracts rhythmically to force the baby out of the body
outermost serous layer of the uterous is the
perimetrium or viceral peritoneum
a thin walled tube 8 to 10 cm long (3 to 4 inches)
vagina
another name for vagina
birth canal
vagina is the female organ of
copulation
distal end of the vagina is partially closed by a thin fold of the mucosa called the
hymen
describe hyman
very vascular and tends to bleed when it is ruptured during the first sexual intercourse
female reproductive structures that are located external to the vagina are the
external genitalia
external genitalia are also called the
vulva
vulva includes
mons pubis labia clitoris urethral vaginal orifices greater vestibular glands
mountain of pubis
mons pubis
posterior to mons pubis are 2 elongated hair covered skin folds
labia majora
labia minora
labia majora enclose a region called the
which contains
vestibule
the external openings of the urethra
posterior to vestibule
vagina
part of mucus producing glands, flank the vagina, one on each side
greater vestibular glands
lubricates the distal end of the vagina during intercourse
secretion of greater vestibular glands
anterior to the vestibule
clitoris
difference between a penis and clitoris
clitoris lacks a reproductive duct
diamond shaped region between the anterior end of the labial folds, the anus posteriorly and the ischial tuberosities laterally is the
perineum
total supply of eggs that a female can release is already determined by the time
she is born
a female’s reproductive ability
begins and ends during
ability to release eggs
puberty and 50s
the period in which a woman’s reproductive capability gradually declines and then finally ends is called
menopause
special kind of cell division that occurs in the testes to produce sperm, also occurs i the ovaries
meiosis
the beginning of the an egg
oogenesis
female stem cells
oogonia
daughter cells
primary oocytes
in a developing female fetus, oogonia and primary oocytes push into the ovary connective tissue, where they become surrounded by a single layer of cells to form the
primary follicles
cyclic changes that occur monthly in the ovary constitute the
ovarian cycle
at puberty, how many oocytes remain
250,000
reproductive life of a female
40 years from 11 years old to 51 years old
as a follicle prodded by FSH grows larger it accumulates fluid in the central chamber called the
antrum
ovulated secondary oocyte is still surrounded by its follicle cell capsule called
corona radiata
another name for corona radiata
radiating crown
pain in the lower abdomen when ovulation
caused by
mittelschmerz
intense stretching of the ovarian wall during ovulation
if the ovulated secondary oocyte is penetrated by a sperm in one of the uterine tubes, the oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division that produces
another polar body and ovum
events of the uterine
menstrual cycle
cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries is regulated by
anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones
FSH and LH
a period commonly called a
lunar month
events occurring in the ovary
uterus
ovarian cycle
menstrual cycle
3 stages of menstrual phase
Days 1-5 Menstrual phase
Days 6-14 Proliferative phase
Days 15-28 Secretory phase
lack of ovarian hormones in the blood causes the blood vessels supplying the functional layer of the endometrium to go into
spasms and kink
one interval that is constant in all females
the time from ovulation to the beginning of menses
14 or 15 days
follicle cells of the growing and mature follicles produce
estrogens
estrogens causes the
appearance of the secondary sex characteristics in the young woman
second ovarian hormone;
produced by
progesterone
glandular corpus luteum
what causes the female mammary glands to increase in size at puberty
stimulation by female sex hormones, especially estrogens
mammary glands are modified
sweat glands
slightly below the center of each breast is a pigmented area
areola, which surrounds a central protruding nipple
each mammary gland consists of
15 to 20 lobes that radiate around the nipple
produce milk when a woman is lactating
alveolar glands
lactating
producing milk
the alveolar glands of each lobule pass the milk into the
lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside at the nipple
dilated region where milk accumulates during nursing
lactiferous sinus
2nd most common cause of death in american women
breast cancer
80% of the women who carry the altered gene develop
breast cancer
breast cancer is often signaled by a change in
skin texture, puckering or leakage from the nipple
pregnant woman’s developing off spring is called
conceptus
development occurs during the
gestation period, 280 days
at the moment of fertilization the mother is officially pregnant
by 2 weeks
before fertilization can occur the sperm must reach the
ovulated secondary oocyte
for fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must happen
2 days before ovulation
fertilization occurs at the moment
the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to form a fertilized egg or zygote
zygote represents the
first cell of the new individual
early stage of embryonic development
cleavage
zygote journeys down the uterine tube propelled by
peristalsis and cilia
forms the large fluid filled sphere
trophoblast
small clusters of cells on one side
inner cell mass
primary germ layers are the
which give rise to the
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm, which give rise to the
nervous system and the epidermis of the skin
endoderm forms
mucosae and associated glands
the increasing bulkiness of the abdomen changes the woman’s
and many women develop an
center of gravity
accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis)
placental production of the hormone relaxin cause
pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax, widen and become more flexible
another name for childbirth
parturition
childbirth occurs within
15 days of the calculated due date
false labor
braxton hicks
needed to initiate labor
oxytocin and prostaglandis
