Reproductive system

Question 1

What is the testis surrounded by?

Answer 1

The testis is surrounded by the tunica vaginalis to keep cool

Question 2

What do male and female Gonads produce?

Answer 2

Females produce oocytes (eggs) by oogenisis and males produce sperm by spermatogenisis

Question 3

What is the function of the Uterus?

Answer 3

Used for the implantation of the fertilized ovum and growth of the foetus.

Question 4

Describe the steps in the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis

Answer 4

Hypothalamic signaling horomone releases Gonadotrophin releasing horomone (GNRH). That interacts with pituitary horomones Lutenising Horomone (LH) and Follicle stimulating Horomone (FSH)

Question 5

Which areas of the hypothalamus are involved in ovarian control?

Answer 5

Preoptic and supra optic nucleus (both secret GNRH)

Question 6

What is GnRH and its function?

Answer 6

Peptide horomone that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Question 7

How is GnRH released

Answer 7

It is released in pulses

Question 8

How does GnRH get to the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus

Answer 8

Portal circulation to the anterior pituitary ganotrobes

Question 9

What do Gonadotrobes secrete?

Answer 9

FSH, LH

Question 10

What do Ovaries have inside of them

Answer 10

Oocytes

Question 11

What are the types of follicles and which types secrete hormones?

Answer 11

Early and latter follicles and latter follicles secrete hormones

Question 12

Where can you find Theca cells in a follicle?

Answer 12

Theca cells are found on the superficial layer of follicles

Question 13

What is the function of a Theca cell?

Answer 13

They convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and produce androstenedione and testosterone

Question 14

What receptors do Theca and Granulosa cells have?

Answer 14

Theca has LH recpetors and Granulosa cells have LH and FSH receptors

Question 15

Where can you find Granulosa cells in a follicle?

Answer 15

You find them in the deep layers of the follicle

Question 16

When is the oocyte released from the follicle?

Answer 16

During ovulation

Question 17

What does the Granulosa cell do?

Answer 17

They convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and activates aromatase

Question 18

What does aromatase do?

Answer 18

Facilitates the formation of estradiol

Question 19

3 main oestrogens

Answer 19

Oestradiol, oestrone and oestriol

Question 20

What do ovaries produce?

Answer 20

Oestregins and progestins

Question 21

What does estrogen and progestins do?

Answer 21

It regulates LH and FSH secretions. It changes from a negative feedback to positive feedback during the mid-cycle

Question 22

What are the 2 cycles that the menstral cycle include?

Answer 22

Ovarian and Endometrial cycle

Question 23

Describe the Ovarian cycle

Answer 23

1. Follicular phase: Follicles grow
2. Luteal phase: After ovulation and oocyte is released. It secretes estrogen and progesterone
   If no fertilization occurs then the corpus luteum degrades

Question 24

Describe the Endometrial cycle

Answer 24

If no fertilization, menstruation cycle starts and endometrial lining is replaced with vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries.

Proliferative cycle, endometrial is thickening
Maturation phase, Prepares oocyte to come in

Question 25

Prolactin function:

Answer 25

Milk production

Question 26

Oxytocin function:

Answer 26

Milk let down

Question 27

What do Testis contain?

Answer 27

Leydig cells that produce testosterone, blood vessels and semiferous tubules (produce sperm and Sertoli cells)

Question 28

Where are the testicular endocrine functions?

Answer 28

In the Leydig and Sertoli cells

Question 29

Describe Oogenesis

Answer 29

It starts in the fetus, it starts producing oogonia which then matures into oocytes until it reaches its max number and starts to slowly decline.

Question 30

Descibe spermatogenisis

Answer 30

Starts from Spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes to spermatids to spermatoza. Regulated by testosterone

Question 31

Testosterone secretion regulation

Answer 31

Progesterone regulates the secretions

Question 32

What part of the pituitary gland causes what for milk production

Answer 32

Anterior pituitary gland creates prolactin which creates milk production and the posterior pituitary gland creates oxytocin which makes the milk let down for the baby to take in the milk.