Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
play essential roles in the development of the
structural and functional differences between males and females, influence human behavior, and produce offspring.
A
Reproductive System
2
Q
Functions of Reproductive System
A
- Production of gametes
- Fertilization
- Development and nourishment of a new individual
- Production of reproductive hormones
3
Q
Male gametes
A
Sperm
4
Q
Female gametes
A
Oocytes
5
Q
Where are gametes produced
A
Testes and Ovaries
6
Q
is the process of cell division responsible for gamete
formation.
A
Meiosis
7
Q
2 divisions of Meiosis
A
Meiosis I - Reduction Division
Meiosis II - Chromatid Separation
8
Q
Each division of Meiosis has?
A
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
9
Q
each of the 46 chromosomes consists of
2 chromatids connected by a
centromere.
A
Early Prophase I
10
Q
Chromosomes pair through synapsis,
allowing crossing over and genetic
material exchange
A
Middle Prophase I
11
Q
The chromosomes align in pairs in
the centre of the cell.
A
Metaphase I
12
Q
Chromosome pairs separate and
move to opposite ends of the cell.
A
Anaphase I
13
Q
New nuclei form, and the cell
divides.
A
Telophase I
14
Q
Each daughter cell has _________ chromosomes? each consisting of 2 chromatids
A
23
15
Q
the chromosomes each consist of 2
chromatids
A
Prophase II
16
Q
The chromosomes align along the
center of the cell.
- This occurs to ensure sister chromatids
separate in the next stage
A
Metaphase II
17
Q
the chromatids separate at the
centomere.
A
Anaphase II
18
Q
means they have half the genetic
material of the original parent cell
A
Haploid
19
Q
Four daughter cells form, each receiving
one chromatid from each chromosome
(23 chromosomes total)
A
Telophase II
20
Q
is a group of organs
that form the reproductive
and urinary systems in people
assigned male at birth
(AMAB).
A
Male reproductive system
21
Q
Produce, maintain, and transport sperm cells and
semen. Discharge sperm, Produce and secrete male sex hormones
A
Male reproductive system
22
Q
is a fibromuscular cutaneous sac, located between the penis and anus. It is dual- chambered, forming an expansion of the perineum.
A
Scrotum
23
Q
It regulates the temperature of the testicles, which is essential for sperm production
A
Scrotum
24
Q
It is a sheet of smooth muscle, situated
immediately underneath the skin. It acts to
help regulate the temperature of the scrotum,
wrinkling
A
Dartos Muscle
25
The extensions of abdominal skeletal muscle
into the scrotum that **contracts and help pull
the testes nearer the body**
Cremaster Muscle
26
are small, oval- shaped organs that consist
of a **series of lobules**, each containing **seminiferous tubules** supported by interstitial tissue.
Testes
27
are responsible for **making sperm** and are
also involved in producing a hormone called
**testosterone.**
Testes
28
It is the **formation of sperm cells in the male reproductive system**. This occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
29
The **cells involved in the process of spermatogenesis**, which leads to the formation of **mature spermatozoa.**
Germ Cells
30
They are **large cells extending from the lumen of
the seminiferous tubule**. They **provide essential
nutrients and support** to the developing germ
cells and produce a number of hormones
Sustentacular cells
31
This is a **tightly comma-shaped structure** on the
posterior side of the testis formed in the **efferent
ductules** that **carry sperm cells from the testis.**
Epididymis
32
are to collect, store, and mature sperm cells,
Epididymis
33
it is the final changes in sperm cells that **occur after
ejaculation of semen** into vagina, prior to fertilization
Capacitation
34
Also called as **vas deferens** is a tube that acts as the **passageway of mature sperm cells** from the epididymis.
Ductus Deferens
35
**Near its termination**, the **ductus deferens expands** to form an__________?
Ampulla
36
It is a **sac-shaped gland near the ampulla** of each
ductus deferens
Seminal Vesicle
37
**Formed by the ducts from seminal vesicle and
the ampulla** of ductus deferens that join at the
prostrate gland
Ejaculatory Duct
38
It is a **tube that extends** from the urinary
bladder to the external opening at the end of
the penis.
***It is a passageway for urine and sperm.**
Urethra
39
Three parts of Urethra
1. Prostatic Urethra
2. Membranous Urethra
3. Spongy Urethra
40
passes through the prostate gland.
Prostatic Urethra
41
passes through the floor of pelvis.
Membranous Urethra
42
**extends the length of the penis** and
opens at its end
Spongy Urethra
43
Causes the internal urinary sphincter to contract,
which **keeps semen from passing into urinary
bladder** and **prevents urine from entering
urethra**
Sympathetic Reflex
44
Used for both the **elimination of urine**
from the body and the **delivery of
sperm for sexual reproduction**
Penis
45
This is the process when the
engorgement of the erectile
tissue with blood causes the
penis to **enlarge and
become firm**
Erection
46
Forms the **dorsal portion and
the sides of the penis**
Corpora Cavernosa
47
Forms the dorsal portion and
the sides of the penis
Corpus Spongiosum
48
Expands over the the distal
end of the penis to **form a
cap**
Glans Penis
49
The **spongy urethra passes through the corpus
spongiosum**, including the glans penis, and opens to
the exterior
External Urethral Orifice
50
A **loose fold of skin** that
covers the glans penis
Also called the **foreskin**
Prepuce
51
Surgical **removal of the prepuce**, usually shortly after birth
Circumcision
52
**Glands consisting of many
saclike structures** located
next to the ampulla of the
ductus deferens
Seminal Vesicles
53
How many seminal vesicles are there
2
54
Consist of both glandular and muscular tissue. About the size and **shape of a walnut.**
**Surrounds the urethra and
the two ejaculatory ducts**
Prostate Gland
55
**Produce a mucous secretion** that **aids in sperm movement** and survival as the sperm enter the female reproductive tract.
Bulbourethral Gland
56
a **mixture of sperm cells and
secretions** from the male
reproductive glands
Semen
57
How much **fluid** does the **seminal vesicle contribute**
60%
58
How much **fluid** does the **prostate gland** contributes
30%
59
How much **fluid** does the **Testes and Bulbourethral glands contribute**
both 5%
60
Functions of the Mucous Secretions and Mucous Glands
1. Lubrication of the urethra for sperm movement
2. Neutralization of acidic fluid in the urethra
3. Some lubrication during intercourse
3. Neutralization of acidity in the vagina
61
Functions of Seminal Vesicle
1. Nourishment of sperm cells
2. Coagulation of semen.
3. Movement of sperm cells
62
Fructose within the seminal vesicle secretions and other nutrients **nourish the sperm cells** as they move through the female reproductive tract
Nourishment of sperm cells
63
After ejaculation, **coagulation proteins help thicken the semen**, which keeps the sperm cells in the vagina in a long period of time.
Coagulation of semen
64
Prostaglandins in the seminal vesicle secretions stimulate smooth muscle contractions of the female reproductive tract to **propel sperm cells through the tract**.
Movement of sperm cells
65
The thin, **milky secretions of
the prostate** also have
several functions
Prostate Gland
66
Functions of the Prostate Gland
1. Regulate pH
2. Aid in sperm cell travel to oocyte
67
is a **hormone released by
neurons in the hypothalamus**.
-It travels to the anterior pituitary
gland and **signals it to release two
hormones**
GnRH and Gonadotropin
68
These two hormones are called
gonadotropins because they
**regulate the function of the
gonads**
1. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
69
This **triggers the production and release of
testosterone**, the primary male sex hormone.
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
70
This promotes the development of sperm cells
(spermatogenesis).
- It also **increases the secretion of inhibin**, a hormone that helps regulate FSH levels
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
71
**Stimulates sustentacular cells** to further support sperm
production.
Testosterone
72
**Promotes the development of male reproductive organs** and secondary sexual characteristics
Testosterone
73
The production and release of these
hormones are **controlled by negative
feedback loops**
Negative Feedback Regulation
74
specifically **inhibits the secretion of
FSH** from the anterior pituitary gland
Inhibin
75
is the **period when males become capable of
sexual reproduction**, typically beginning at ages
12–14 and completing by 18.
Puberty in Male
76
is the **primary male hormone**,
secreted by the testes, with significant roles
in reproductive and non-reproductive
structures.
Testosterone
77
is essential for male reproductive
development, physical differentiation, and
maintaining adult male characteristics after puberty.
Testosterone
78
It shapes the distinct features that define male
physiology and behavior
Testosterone
79
remain relatively stable from
puberty until around 40 years of age. After this point, levels gradually decrease, reaching about 20% of their peak value by age 80.
Testosterone
80
is essential for normal sexual behavior in
males.
Testosterone
81
is the **movement of sperm mucus, and fluids** from
the prostate and seminal vesicles **into the urethra**
Emission
82
is the **forceful expulsion** of these fluids from
the urethra to the exterior.
Ejaculation
83
**Neural stimuli**, specifically parasympathetic signals
from the sacral region of the spinal cord, cause the
**arteries supplying blood to the penis to dilate.**
Erection
84
Before ejaculation, the ductus deferens
begins **rhythmic contractions**, **pushing sperm**
and testicular fluid **through the ducts**.
Emission
85
is **triggered by the contraction of
smooth muscles** in the urethra and skeletal
muscles at the base of the penis.
Ejaculation
86
3 stages in male sex act
1. Erection
2. Emission
3. Ejaculation
87
refers to the **inability or reduced ability to produce offspring**, often caused by a **low sperm count**
Infertility in males
88
This involves **collecting multiple ejaculations**, concentrating the sperm, and then inserting them directly into the female reproductive tract.
Artificial Insemination
89
is a
complex and fascinating network of
organs responsible for producing
eggs, facilitating fertilization, and
supporting the development of a
fetus during pregnancy
Female Reproductive System
90
are small, oval-shaped glands
located on either side of
your uterus.
- They produce and store your eggs (ovum)
Ovaries
91
are the **female structures that transport
the ova from the ovary** to the
uterus each month.
(Oviducts, fallopian tube)
Uterine Tubes
92
Derived from the Latin word
**” meaning womb.”**
* plays a key role in **menstruation,
pregnancy, and fertility**
Uterus
93
is an **elastic, muscular tube about 7.5 to 9
cm long.** It is located in the pelvis between the
bladder and rectum.
Vagina
94
is a muscular, **cylindrical structure located at
the base of the uterus** that
plays a **vital role in the female
reproductive system**
Cervix
95
are the **accessory structures of the female reproductive system** that are external to the vagina. They are also referred to as the **vulva or pudendum**.
External Genitalia
96
are glands in the breasts that **produce milk to feed young mammals**.
Mammary Glands
97
is a series of **changes in sexually mature**,
nonpregnant females that **result in menses** (menstrual
bleeding)
Menstrual Cycle
98
The endometrium begins to **slough off** due to a
significant decline in estrogen and progesterone
levels, marking the start of the menstrual cycle. **Painful cramps**
Days 1-5
Menses
99
The endometrium begins to **regenerate and thicken under the influence of estrogen** secreted by maturing follicles in the ovary.
Day 14
Proliferative Phase
100
Progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum **prepares the endometrium for potential implantation.**
●If fertilization occurs, the blastocyst implants into the uterine lining by Day 7–8 after ovulation.
Secretory Phase
101
is the **cessation of menstrual cycles in women**. It typically occurs between the ages of 40 and 50.
Menopause
102
**Tubal ligation blocks or cuts the uterine tubes**, preventing fertilization by keeping the egg and sperm apart. It results in fewer than 1 unintended pregnancy per 100 women.
Female Sterilization
103
**A vasectomy cuts or blocks the vas deferens**, stopping sperm from being part of the semen. After three months, it also results in fewer than 1 unintended pregnancy per 100 women
Male Sterilization
