Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the Lymphatic System
A
1.Fluid Balance
2.Lipid Absorption
3.Defense
2
Q
30 L of fluid pass from the blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid, but only 27 L pass from interstitial fluid back into the capillaries.
The extra 3 L of fluid would cause edema if were remained in the interstitial fluid.
A
Fluid Balance
3
Q
Lymphatic capillaries collect the 3 L of
fluid where it is called________?
A
Lymph
4
Q
passes through the lymphatic
vessels back to the blood; contains
solutes derived from substances in
plasma, and cells.
A
Lymph
5
Q
lymphatic system absorbs lipids and other substances from the digestive tract through lacteals.
A
Lipid Absorption
6
Q
lymphatic vessels located in
the lining of the digestive tract.
A
Lacteals
7
Q
lymph passing through the
lymphatic vessels; it appears white
because of its lipid content.
A
Chyle
8
Q
Microorganisms and other
foreign substances are filtered from
lymph by lymph nodes and from blood
by the spleen.
A
Defense
9
Q
capable of destroying microorganisms and other foreign substances.
A
Lymphocytes
10
Q
Essential for the maintenance of fluid
balance
A
Lymphatic Vessels
11
Q
Originate as small, dead-end tubes called__________?
A
Lymphatic Capillaries
12
Q
Areas that lacks lymphatic vessels
A
Central Nervous System
Bone Marrow
Tissues without blood vessels
13
Q
is in the dermis of the skin and
subcutaneous tissue
A
Superficial group of Lymphatic Capillaries
14
Q
drains the muscles, joints, viscera, and
other deep structures.
A
Deep Group
15
Q
After passing through lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels converge to form larger vessels
A
Lymphatic Trunks
16
Q
Main Lymphatic Trunks
A
1.Jugular Trunks
2.Subclavian Trunks
3.Bronchomediastinal trunks
4.Intestinal Trunks
5.Lumbar Trunks
17
Q
drain lymph from the
head and neck
A
Jugular Trunks
18
Q
drain lymph from the upper limbs, superficial thoracic wall, and mammary glands
A
Subclavian Trunks
19
Q
drain lymph from the thoracic organs and deep
thoracic wall
A
Bronchomediastinal trunks
20
Q
drain lymph from
abdominal organs
A
Intestinal Trunks
21
Q
drain lymph from the
lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal walls,
pelvic organs, ovaries or testes, kidneys,
and adrenal glands
A
Lumbar Trunks
22
Q
lymphatic trunks connect to large veins in
the thorax or join to yet larger vessels
called_________?
A
Lymphatic Ducts
23
Q
jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal
trunks converge and join a right thoracic
vein; drain lymph from the right side of
the head, upper right limb, and right
thorax
A
Right Lymphatic Duct
24
Q
largest lymphatic vessel; drains lymph from the right side of the body inferior to the thorax and the
entire left side of the body
A
Thoracic Duct
25
**sac formed** from
lymphatic trunks
Cisterna Chyli
26
3 mechanisms of Lymph movement
1. Contraction of Lymphatic Vessels
2. Contraction of Skeletal muscles
3. Thoracic Pressure changes
27
**lymphatic vessels pump lymph**;
unidirectional valves divide lymphatic
vessels into a series of chambers, which
function as **“primitive hearts**
Contraction of lymphatic vessels
28
**smooth muscle cells
in the walls** of lymphatic vessels;
**spontaneously depolarize**
pacemaker cells
29
When surrounding muscle cells contract,
lymphatic vessels are compressed,
causing lymph to move.
Contraction of Skeletal muscles
30
During _________?, pressure in the thoracic
cavity **decreases.**
lymphatic vessels
expand, and lymph flows into them.
Inspiration
31
During _________?, pressure in the
thoracic cavity **increases**, and lymphatic
vessels are compressed, causing lymph to
move.
Expiration
32
**Round, oval, bean-
shaped bodies** distributed along the
various lymphatic vessels
Lymph Nodes
33
**forms organs of the lymphatic tissue** (lymph nodes, spleen,
thymus)
Encapsulated
34
**contains dispersed lymphocytes**,
macrophages, and other cells.
• has no clear boundary and blends with
surrounding tissues
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue
35
**denser arrangements** of lymphatic tissue
(compact)
Lymphatic Nodules
36
**aggregations** of
lymphatic nodules
Peyer patches
37
lymphatic nodules **found within lymph nodes and spleen**
Lymphatic Follicles
38
2 types of lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
39
part of the immune
response that destroys microorganisms
and foreign substances
Lymphocytes
40
Lymphatic tissue is composed of
_________? produced by **reticular
cells**
Reticular Fibers
41
**traps microorganisms** and other particles,
filtering the fluid.
Fiber network
42
**pharyngeal tonsil is enlarged**.
An enlarged pharyngeal tonsil can
interfere with normal breathing
Adenoid
43
is a **loosely associated**
collection of lymphatic nodules on the
posterior **surface of the tongue**
Lingual Tonsil
44
Three Groups of Tonsils
1. Palatine Tonsils
2. Pharyngeal Tonsil
3. Lingual Tonsil
45
**relatively large, oval,**lymphatic masses on each
side of the junction between the oral
cavity and the pharynx
Palatine Tonsils
46
is a **collection of closely aggregated lymphatic nodules** near the junction between the **nasal cavity and the pharynx**
Pharyngeal Tonsil
47
Lymphatic Organs
1. Tonsils
2. Lymph Nodes
3. Spleen
4.Thymus
48
large groups of lymphatic nodules and
diffuse lymphatic tissue
located within the pharynx (throat)
• **protect against harmful material entering
the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity**
Tonsils
49
**organized into branching**, irregular strands of diffuse lymphatic tissue called **medullary cords**
Inner Medulla
50
separated by
medullary sinuses
Medullary Cords
51
carry lymph **to lymph nodes**
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
52
carry lymph **away to lymph nodes**
Efferent Lymphatic vessels
53
area of **rapid lymphocyte division**
Germinal Centers
54
Small, round, bean shaped structures
• Distributed along the course of lymphatic
vessels
Lymph Nodes
55
removing bacteria and
other materials
Filter the Lymph
56
in the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
Superficial lymph nodes
57
lymph nodes that are **everywhere**
Deep Lymph Nodes
58
How many Lymph nodes are distributed throughout the body
450
59
How many lymph nodes distributed in the **cervial and head**
70
60
How many lymph nodes distributed in the **axillary (upper limbs and superficial
thorax)**
30
61
How many lymph nodes distributed in the **Thoracic**
100
62
How many lymph nodes distributed in the **abdominopelvic**
230
63
How many lymph nodes distributed in the **inguinal and popliteal**
20
64
dense connective tissue that
**surrounds lymph node**
Capsule
65
**extensions of the capsule,**
form internal skeleton in the lymph node
Trabeculae
66
formed when **reticular fibers extend** from the capsule and trabeculae
Fibrous Network
67
formed when lymph node, **lymphocytes, and macrophages are packed** around the reticular fibers
Lymphatic Tissue
68
formed when **reticular fibers extend across open spaces**
Lymphatic Sinuses
69
**consist of subcapsular sinus,
beneath the capsule, and cortical sinuses**,
which are separated by diffuse lymphatic
tissue, trabeculae, lymphatic nodules
Cortex
70
**surrounds the arteries and arterioles**
extending to lymphatic nodules
Periarterial lymphatic sheath-
71
enter lymphatic nodules and
**give rise to capillaries**
Arterioles
72
connect to trabecular
veins, which **unite to form vessels** that
leave the spleen to form **splenic vein**
Venous Sinuses
73
**destroying defective red blood cells**, detecting and responding to foreign substances in the blood, and **acts as blood reservoir**
Function of spleen
74
**removal of spleen:**
lymphatic organs and liver compensate
for the **loss of its function**
Splenectomy
75
Size or spleen
Clenched fist
76
**subdivides into small,
interconnected compartments**
• Arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels
extend through the trabeculae to supply
the compartments, which are filled with
**white and red pulp**
Trabeculae
77
lymphatic tissue
**surrounding the arteries within the spleen**
White Pulp
78
associated with the veins
within the spleen; **consist of fibrous
network filled with macrophages and red
blood cells,** and enlarged capillaries that
connect to the veins
Red Pulp
79
1/4
White Pulp
80
3/4
Red Pulp
81
branches of it **enter the
spleen at the hilum**
Splenic Artery
82
**A bilobed gland** located in the superior
mediastinum.
Thymus
83
Types of Lobules
*Cortex
*Medulla
84
**Outer, dark-staining**, many
lymphocytes.
Cortex
85
**Inner, light-staining,**fewer
lymphocytes, contains rounded epithelial
cells **thymic corpuscles** (Hassall
corpuscles)
Medulla
86
Involved in **regulatory T cell
development.**
Thymic Corpuscles
87
**suppress the body’s immune response** and protect against autoimmune diseases.
Regulatory T cells
88
Site of T-cell maturation
Thymus
89
secreted by cells that **bind to receptors on cell surfaces**,
stimulating a response.
Proteins or Peptides
90
The ability to **resist damage** from foreign
substances such as microorganisms,
harmful chemicals such as toxins, and
internal threats like cancer cells.
Immunity
91
Categories of Immunity
1. Innate Immunity
2. Adaptive Immunity
92
The body recognizes and destroys certain
foreign substances but the response to
them is the **same each time the body is
exposed.**
Innate Immunity
93
The body recognizes and destroys foreign
substances but the **response to them is introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body.**
Adaptive Immunity
94
Includes the skin and the mucous
membranes.
• One of the best defenses of the body.
Physical Barrier
95
Prevents entry of disease-causing agents,
microorganisms, and chemicals into the
body.
• Removes microorganisms and other
substances from the body surface.
Physical Barrier
96
Molecules responsible for many aspects
of innate immunity.
Chemical Mediators
97
Most important **cellular component of
the immune system.**
-Produced in **red bone marrow**
White Blood Cells
98
**Include parts of microbes and chemicals**
released by the cells of the body
including complement, leukotrienes,
kinins, and histamine.
Chemotactic Factors
99
A complex **sequence of events** involving
many of the chemical mediators and cells
of innate immunity.
Inflammatory Response
100
Trauma, burns, chemicals, and infections
can cause damage tissues, resulting to
inflammation.
• **Can be local or systemic**
Inflammatory Response
101
An inflammatory response confined to a **specific area**
**Symptoms:** redness, heat,
swelling, and pain.
Local Inflammation
102
An inflammatory response that occurs in
**many parts of the body**
**Symptoms:**
increase in neutrophil numbers, fever,
and shock.
Systemic Inflammation
103
**faster and stronger** that the first-time
foreign substances was encountered.
Adaptive Immunity
104
Substances that **stimulate adaptive
immunity** are called?
Antigens
105
**Involves proteins called antibodies**, which are found in extracellular fluids such as plasma of the blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph; **B cells produce
antibodies.**
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
106
**Involved the actions of T cells**; T cells directly attack and destroy infected cells, such as cells
with viruses or cancer cells;
Cell Mediated Immunity
107
Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
1. Specific
2. Memory
108
The ability of adaptive
immunity to **recognize a particular
substance.**
Specific
109
The ability of adaptive
immunity to **"remember"** previous
encounters with a particular substance.
Memory
110
Results when an individual is **exposed to an antigen** and the response of the individual's immune system is the cause of the immunity.
Active Immunity
111
Occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the **immunity is transferred** to a
non-immune individual.
Passive Immunity
112
Methods of Exposure
1. Natural Exposure
2. Artificial Exposure
113
Contact with an antigen or antibody occurs as part of **everyday living** and is **not deliberate.**
Natural Exposure
114
Also called **immunization**; The **deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody**
into the body.
Artificial Exposure
115
Four Ways of How Adaptive Immunity Can Be
Acquired
1. Active Natural Immunity
2. Active Artificial Immunity
3. Passive Natural Immunity
4. Passive Artificial Immunity
116
results from **natural exposure to an antigen**
Active Natural Immunity
117
results from **deliberate exposure or introduced to
antigen**
Active Artificial Immunity
118
results from the **transfer of antibodies from mother to her fetus or baby**
Passive Natural Immunity
119
results from the **transfer of antibodies from an
immune animal to a non-immune animal**
Passive Artificial Immunity
120
**treats disease by altering
immune system function** or by directly
attacking harmful cells.
Immunotherapy
121
It **attempts to boost immune system**
function in general
Immunotherapy
