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foundations of paramedic practice 2 > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of the male reproductive system

A
  • produce and mature spermatozoa
  • facilitate delivery of spermatozoa
  • to produce and secrete male hormones
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2
Q

what is involved in the male reproductive tract

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferences
  • ejaculatory tract
  • uretha
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3
Q

what is the accessory organs of male accessory organs

A
  • seminal vesicle
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
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4
Q

what is testicular torsion

A

two types- intravaginal - adolescent boys
- extra-vaginal- neonates

when the spermatic cord. which provides blood flow to the testcile, rotates and becomes twisted

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5
Q

what is the charactistic colour of a penile fracture

A

aubergine

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6
Q

what is a torn fremulum

A

a tearing of the small folded skin that prevents movement of the organ

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7
Q

what is paraphymosis

A

when the foreskin is retracted and left behind the glands

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8
Q

what is epididymitis

A

inflammation to the organ on the upper posterior part of the testicle

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9
Q

what causes epididymitis

A

bacterial infections and STIS

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10
Q

what are symptoms of epididymitis

A

sudden or gradual pain in 1 or both of your testicles (balls)
the bag of skin containing your testicles (scrotum) feeling tender, warm and swollen
a build-up of fluid around your testicle (a hydrocele) that feels like a lump or swelling
You may have other symptoms depending on the cause, such as difficulty peeing, or a white, yellow or green discharge from the tip of the penis.
fever/chills
erythema
prehn’s sign (elevating scotum relieves pain)
dysuria

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11
Q

what is prostatism

A

The symptom of prostatism is decreased urinary force due to obstruction of flow through the prostate gland. The most common cause of prostatism is BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy)
can lead to recurrent UTIs

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12
Q

where is the vagina in relation to the bladder

A

inferior

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13
Q

ph of a vagina

A

3.5-4.9

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14
Q

what are the layers of the the ovary

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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15
Q

what is the first step of egg to the fallopian tube

A

egg released from ovaries

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16
Q

what is the second step of egg to ovary

A

egg release to entrance of fallopian tube

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17
Q

what is the third step of egg to ovary

A

fallopian tube pick up egg

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18
Q

what is the fourth step of egg to ovary

A

egg goes down fallopian tube

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19
Q

what is the fifth step of egg to ovary

A

fertilisation

20
Q

what is the sixth step of egg to ovary

A

fusion of egg and sperm

21
Q

what is the seventh step of egg to ovary

A

zygote

22
Q

what is the eighth step of egg to ovary

A

embryo formation

23
Q

what is the ninth step of egg to ovary

A

implantation

24
Q

what is pv bleeding

A

per vaginum (PV) bleeding. Often the source of bleeding is the uterus, however, bleeding from other parts of the genital tract (e.g. vulva, vagina or cervix) must also be considered.)

25
Q

what are causes of pv bleeding

A
  • pregnancy
  • menorrhagic
  • trauma/asault
  • pelvic infection
  • anticoagulant medication
  • malignancy
26
Q

what is endometriosis

A

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the womb grows in other places, such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

27
Q

signs and symptoms of endometriosis

A
    • pain in your lower tummy or back (pelvic pain) – usually worse during your period
  • period pain that stops you doing your normal activities
  • pain during or after sex
  • pain when peeing or pooing during your period
  • feeling sick, constipation, diarrhoea, or blood in your pee or poo during your period
  • difficulty getting pregnant
  • You may also have heavy periods. You might use lots of pads or tampons, or you may bleed through to your clothes.
  • For some women, endometriosis can have a big impact on their life and may sometimes lead to depression.
28
Q

what causes endometriosis

A

The cause of endometriosis is not known.

Several theories have been suggested, including:

  • genetics – the condition tends to run in families and affects people of certain ethnic groups more than others
  • a problem with the immune system, the body’s natural defence against illness and infection
  • endometrium cells spreading through the body in the bloodstream or lymphatic system, a series of tubes and glands that form part of the immune system
  • But none of these theories fully explain why endometriosis happens.

It’s likely the condition is caused by a combination of different factors.

29
Q

what are ovarian cysts

A

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on an ovary. They’re very common and do not usually cause any symptoms.

Most ovarian cysts occur naturally and go away in a few months without needing any treatment.

30
Q

what are the function of ovaries

A

The ovaries are 2 almond-shaped organs that are part of the female reproductive system. There’s 1 on each side of the womb (uterus).

The ovaries have 2 main functions:

to release an egg approximately every 28 days as part of the menstrual cycle
to release the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which play an important role in reproduction
Ovarian cysts may affect both ovaries at the same time, or they may only affect 1.

31
Q

symptoms of ovarian cysts

A

An ovarian cyst usually only causes symptoms if it splits (ruptures), is very large or twists and then blocks the blood supply to the ovaries.

In these cases, you may have:

pelvic pain – this can range from a dull, heavy sensation to a sudden, severe and sharp pain
pain during sex
difficulty emptying your bowels
a frequent need to urinate
heavy periods, irregular periods or lighter periods than normal
bloating and a swollen tummy
feeling very full after only eating a little
difficulty getting pregnant – although fertility is usually unaffected by ovarian cysts

32
Q

what is ovarian torsion

A

Ovarian torsion usually occurs on just one side and can cause sudden, intense pain and vomiting. It can also cause an infection (peritonitis) in the abdominal cavity. The majority of ovarian torsion cases affect women of reproductive age, but girls can have the condition as well.

33
Q

what are the types of ovarian cysts

A

The 2 main types of ovarian cyst are:

functional ovarian cysts – cysts that develop as part of the menstrual cycle and are usually harmless and short-lived; these are the most common type
pathological ovarian cysts – cysts that form as a result of abnormal cell growth; these are much less common
Ovarian cysts can sometimes also be caused by an underlying condition, such as endometriosis.

The vast majority of ovarian cysts are non-cancerous (benign), although a small number are cancerous (malignant).

Cancerous cysts are more common if you have been through the menopause.

34
Q

signs and symptoms of ovarian torsion

A

The symptoms of a twisted ovary arise suddenly and intensely. They include severe pain in the pelvic region, as well as nausea and vomiting. The sudden pain is often preceded by occasional cramps for several days, or sometimes, for weeks (often because the ovary twists and untwists repeatedly).

35
Q

what is PCOS

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects how a woman’s ovaries work.

The 3 main features of PCOS are:

irregular periods – which means your ovaries do not regularly release eggs (ovulation)
excess androgen – high levels of “male” hormones in your body, which may cause physical signs such as excess facial or body hair
polycystic ovaries – your ovaries become enlarged and contain many fluid-filled sacs (follicles) that surround the eggs (but despite the name, you do not actually have cysts if you have PCOS)
If you have at least 2 of these features, you may be diagnosed with PCOS.

36
Q

describe polycistic ovarys

A

Polycystic ovaries contain a large number of harmless follicles that are up to 8mm (approximately 0.3in) in size.

The follicles are underdeveloped sacs in which eggs develop. In PCOS, these sacs are often unable to release an egg, which means ovulation does not take place.

It’s difficult to know exactly how many women have PCOS, but it’s thought to be very common, affecting about 1 in every 10 women in the UK.

More than half of these women do not have any symptoms.

37
Q

signs and symptoms of PCOS

A

irregular periods or no periods at all
difficulty getting pregnant as a result of irregular ovulation or no ovulation
excessive hair growth (hirsutism) – usually on the face, chest, back or buttocks
weight gain
thinning hair and hair loss from the head
oily skin or acne
PCOS is also associated with an increased risk of developing health problems in later life, such as type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol levels.

38
Q

risk factors of PCOS

A
  • The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but it often runs in families.
  • It’s related to abnormal hormone levels in the body, including high levels of insulin.
  • Insulin is a hormone that controls sugar levels in the body.
  • Many women with PCOS are resistant to the action of insulin in their body and produce higher levels of insulin to overcome this.
  • This contributes to the increased production and activity of hormones like testosterone.
  • Being overweight or obese also increases the amount of insulin your body produces.
39
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.

The fallopian tubes are the tubes connecting the ovaries to the womb. If an egg gets stuck in them, it won’t develop into a baby and your health may be at risk if the pregnancy continues.

Unfortunately, it’s not possible to save the pregnancy. It usually has to be removed using medicine or an operation.

In the UK, around 1 in every 90 pregnancies is ectopic. This is around 11,000 pregnancies a year.

40
Q

signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy

A
  • a missed period and other signs of pregnancy
  • tummy pain low down on one side
  • vaginal bleeding or a brown watery discharge
  • pain in the tip of your shoulder
  • discomfort when peeing or pooing
41
Q

causes of an ectopic pregnancy

A
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – inflammation of the female reproductive system, usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
  • previous ectopic pregnancy – the risk of having another ectopic pregnancy is around 10%
  • previous surgery on your fallopian tubes – such as an unsuccessful female sterilisation procedure
  • fertility treatment, such as IVF – taking medicine to stimulate ovulation (the release of an egg) can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy
  • becoming pregnant while using an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS) for contraception – it’s rare to get pregnant while using these, but if you do you’re more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy
  • smoking
  • increasing age – the risk is highest for pregnant women aged over 35
42
Q

what is vaginal foreign bodies symptoms

A

the most common symptoms are bleeding or foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Less common symptoms may include pain or discomfort while using the restroom.

43
Q

what is toxic shock syndrome

A

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but life-threatening condition caused by an infection. It can happen when using a tampon or menstrual cup, or from an infected wound. Symptoms develop quickly and you need urgent treatment.

44
Q

what is fgm

A

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a procedure where the female genitals are deliberately cut, injured or changed, but there’s no medical reason for this to be done.

It’s also known as female circumcision or cutting, and by other terms, such as Sunna, gudniin, halalays, tahur, megrez and khitan, among others.

FGM is usually carried out on young girls between infancy and the age of 15, most commonly before puberty starts.

It’s illegal in the UK and is child abuse.

It’s very painful and can seriously harm the health of women and girls.

It can also cause long-term problems with sex, childbirth and mental health.

45
Q

what is the mandatory duty for fgm

A

notify the police- 2015 act

foundations of paramedic practice 2 (5 decks)

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