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foundations of paramedic practice 2 > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is region 1

A

right hypochondriac region

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2
Q

what is region 2

A

right lumbar region

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3
Q

what is region 3

A

right iliac region

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4
Q

what is region 4

A

epigastric region

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5
Q

what is region 5

A

umbilical region

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6
Q

what is region 6

A

hypogastric region

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7
Q

what is region 7

A

left hypochondriac region

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8
Q

what is region 8

A

left lumbar region

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9
Q

what is region 9

A

left iliac region

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10
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in right hypochondriac region

A
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11
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in right lumbar region

A
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12
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in right iliac region

A
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13
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in epigastric region

A
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14
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in umbilical region

A
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15
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in hypogastric region

A
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16
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in left hypochondriac region

A
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17
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in left lumbar region

A
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18
Q

what conditions may be likely if pain in left iliac region

A
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19
Q

what is involved in the digestive system

A

ingestion, propulasion, digestion, absorption, elimination

alimentary canal
accessory organs

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20
Q

what is in the alimantary canal

A
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21
Q

what is the accessory organs

A
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22
Q

what can disorders of GI tract effect

A

nutrition and

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23
Q

what is upper digestive region

A

oral cavity, throat, oesophagus, stomach

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24
Q

what is the lower digestive region

A

stomach anus

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25
Q

what is lining of digestive system

A

mucus

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26
Q

what are the two compartments of peritoneum

A

greater and lesser sacs
parietal and visceral

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27
Q

what is peritoneum function

A

peritoneum is large of the body and it is a closed sac

prevents infection moving from one area to another

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28
Q

what is peritonitis

A

infection of peritoneum

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29
Q

what permeability is the outer layer

A

outer layer is semi permeable

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30
Q

what order is parietal and visceral

A

visceral lines the organs

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31
Q

what is the peritoneal fluid for

A

stops the friction

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32
Q

where is the lesser sac of the peritoneum

A

posterial

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33
Q

what conditions effect peritoneum

A

primary and secondary peritonitis

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34
Q

what is a condition of primary peritonitis

A

ascites- infection of the fluid
affects those with liver disease

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35
Q

what is secondary peritonitis

A

direct contamination, spillage of gi contents or elimination contents

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36
Q

what is GORD

A

gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

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37
Q

why is the oesophagus u bend shaped

A

prevents regurgitation

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38
Q

whats the purpuse of UES

A

prevents air from entering GI tract

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39
Q

what happens if sphyncter does not work

A

acid from the stomach will track up and start to ruin the epithelium of the epiglottis

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40
Q

why are women more likely to die from an MI

A

having an MI which presents as epigastric pain- do an ECG

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41
Q

what does the sphyncter do

A

controls food passage from throat to stomach

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42
Q

factors of GORD

A

combination of mechanisms
* reduced tone of sphyncter
* delayed gastric emptying
* causes damage by acid

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43
Q

risk factors of GORD

A
  • family history
  • obesity
  • age
  • hiatus hernia
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44
Q

trigger foods for GORD

A

coffee
chocolate
alcohol
fatty food
beta blockers
ibuprofen
tricyclic antidepressants

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45
Q

lesser factors of GORD

A

LOS( lower oesophageal sphyncter), stress, asthma, NSAIDS, smoking, alcohol, dietary factors

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46
Q

what drugs can we give to someone with GORD (not pre-hospital)

A

protein pump inhibitors - lanzoprizol

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47
Q

what is the purpose of mucosa in stomach

A

lubricate food
facilitate movement
form protective layer

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48
Q

what is it called inflamation of the stomach

A

gastritis

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49
Q

what causes gastritis

A

prolonged use of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

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50
Q

what infection can be diagnosed with a breath test

A

h pylori of the stomach
found in 90% of peptic ulcer patients

51
Q

where does a peptic ulcer go

A

penetrates to all layers of the stomach

52
Q

risk factors of gastritis

A
  • h pylori infection
  • non steroidal anti inflammatories
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • stress
53
Q

what questions could you ask for abdo pain

A
  • where is the pain
  • associated symptoms
  • have you opened your bowels
  • do you smoke
  • whats your diet like
  • alcohol consumption
  • PMHx
  • DHx
  • FHx
54
Q

what is a upper GI bleed

A

common medical emergency
10% mortality rate

55
Q

most common cause of upper GI bleed

A

peptic ulcer 35% all cases

56
Q

second most common cause of upper GI bleed

A

oesophageal gastric varisies

57
Q

what can cause liver disease

A

food consumption and alcohol

58
Q

purpose of liver

A

filters toxins
reduces bile
helps with clotting

59
Q

what is caused when liver is damaged

A

portal hypertension
blood is redirected into lower oesophageal and varises bulge
sudden rupture is life threatening haemorrhage

60
Q

bleeding exiting at mouth called

A

haemetemesis

61
Q

what are little tears in oespohagus called

A

mallory-weiss tears

62
Q

what is blood in the stools called from GI bleeding

A

melena

63
Q

what are 3 sections of lower GI

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

64
Q

what does the ileum do

A

controls flow into the secum

65
Q

what does messentary do

A

attaches jejunum and ilium to abdominal wall

66
Q

where are organs of the pelvis attached

A

through the superior surface

67
Q

conditions of the lower GI

A

appendicitis
coeleac
crones
IBS
AAA

68
Q

what is coeliac disease

A

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition. This is where the immune system (the body’s defence against infection) mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.

In coeliac disease, the immune system mistakes substances found inside gluten as a threat to the body and attacks them.

This damages the surface of the small bowel (intestines), disrupting the body’s ability to take in nutrients from food.

It’s not entirely clear what causes the immune system to act this way, but a combination of genetics and the environment appear to play a part.

69
Q

what is crones disease

A

Crohn’s disease is a lifelong condition where parts of the digestive system become inflamed.

It’s one type of a condition called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

The exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown.

It’s thought several things could play a role, including:

your genes – you’re more likely to get it if a close family member has it
a problem with the immune system (the body’s defence against infection) that causes it to attack the digestive system
smoking
a previous stomach bug
an abnormal balance of gut bacteria
There’s no evidence to suggest a particular diet causes Crohn’s disease.

70
Q

type of poo associated with malabsorption or pancreatic issues

A

steatorrhea

71
Q

what is the poo chart called

A

bristol stool chart

72
Q

where is appendicitis located

A

right lower quadrant of abdomen

73
Q

what is the function of the appendix

A

secretes mucus into the secum to aid digestion

74
Q

what is hypothesised cause of appendicitis

A

low fibre diet leads to constipation and then it backs up to appendix which decreses mucus drainage and causes inflammation and necrosis

could lead to peritonitis

75
Q

symptoms of appendicitis

A

Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the umbilical region that may come and go.

Within hours, the pain travels to the lower right-hand side- right iliac region, where the appendix usually lies, and becomes constant and severe.

Pressing on this area, coughing or walking may make the pain worse.

You may lose your appetite, feel sick and have constipation or diarrhoea.

76
Q

what is a bowel obstruction

A

the interruption in the patency of the GI tract

77
Q

what can an undiagnosed bowel obstruction cause

A

ischaemia, necrosis and

78
Q

symptoms of bowel obstruction

A

distention, vommiting, constitipation, diarrhorea (could be overflow)

79
Q

what is ischaemic bowel

A

blockage of blood flow to the bowel

80
Q

what are risk factors of ischaemic bowel

A

af
atherolosclerosis
smoking
pe
embolism

81
Q

signs and symptoms of ischaemic bowel

A

abdo pain
presence of risk factors
melena
disproportionate pain to physical findings

82
Q

how can a AAA present

A

abdo pain

83
Q

where does the aorta enter for AAA

A

enters into abdominal cavity

84
Q

what is an AAA

A

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a swelling in the aorta, the artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (abdomen). Most aneurysms do not cause any problems, but they can be serious because there’s a risk they could burst (rupture).

85
Q

what are the causes and risk factors of AAA

A

An abdominal aortic aneurysm happens when the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (the aorta) becomes weakened.

It’s not always clear what causes it, but some people have a higher chance of getting one.

You’re more at risk if you:

  • are male and aged 65 or over
  • smoke or used to smoke
  • have high blood pressure
  • have high cholesterol
  • have a close relative who’s had an abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • have coronary or peripheral artery disease (atherosclerosis)
  • have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • have a condition such as Marfan syndrome

Sometimes an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be caused by an infection, but this is rare.

86
Q

how might a AAA present

A

back pain
pulsing mass
collapse

87
Q

what is #1 called

A

liver

88
Q

what is #5 called

A

gallbladder

89
Q
A
90
Q

where is excess glucose stored as glycogen

A

liver

91
Q

what are ketones produced from and why

A

fatty acids for energy

92
Q

where are ketones produced

A

liver

93
Q

what synthesises proteins

A

liver

94
Q

what is scarring of the liver called

A

cirrhosis

95
Q

what are some functions of the liver

A
  • processing digested food from the intestine
  • controlling levels of fats, amino acids and glucose in the blood
  • combating infections
  • clearing the blood of particles and infections, including bacteria
  • neutralising and destroying all drugs and toxins
  • manufacturing bile
  • storing iron, vitamins and other essential chemicals
  • breaking down food and turning it into energy
  • manufacturing, breaking down and regulating numerous hormones including sex hormones
  • making enzymes and proteins which are responsible for most chemical reactions in the body, for example those involved in blood clotting and repair of damaged tissues.
96
Q

what artery and vein supply liver

A

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

97
Q

what is bile also known as

A

gall

98
Q

what are gallstones

A

bile

99
Q

causes of gallstones

A

bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts

100
Q

five fs of gallstones

A

fat, female, fertile forty, fair

101
Q

what are symptoms of gallstones

A

Gallstones often have no symptoms.

But if a gallstone becomes trapped in an opening (duct) inside the gallbladder, it can trigger a sudden, intense pain in your tummy that usually lasts between 1 and 5 hours.

This type of abdominal pain is known as biliary colic.

pain in upper right quadrant, can go to right shoulder

Some people with gallstones can also develop complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis).

This can cause:

  • persistent pain
  • yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
  • a high temperature
  • When gallstones cause symptoms or complications, it’s known as gallstone disease or cholelithiasis.
102
Q

what is the gallbladder

A

The gallbladder is a small pouch-like organ found underneath the liver. Its main purpose is to store and concentrate bile.

Bile is a liquid produced by the liver to help digest fats. It’s passed from the liver into the gallbladder through a series of channels known as bile ducts.

The bile is stored in the gallbladder and, over time, becomes more concentrated, which makes it better at digesting fats.

The gallbladder releases bile into the digestive system when it’s needed.

103
Q

how is gallstones treated

A

Treatment is usually only necessary if gallstones are causing:

symptoms, such as tummy pain
complications, such as jaundice or acute pancreatitis
In these cases, keyhole surgery to remove the gallbladder may be recommended.

This procedure, known as a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is relatively simple to perform and has a low risk of complications.

It’s possible to lead a normal life without a gallbladder.

Your liver will still produce bile to digest food, but the bile will drip continuously into the small intestine, rather than build up in the gallbladder.

104
Q

what is the risk factors of gallstones

A

severe illness, prolonged gallbladder immobilty, diabetes, low activity, low fibre

105
Q

what is the pancreas

A

It is located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach. It’s about the size of your hand. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones. These are chemical messengers that travel through your blood. Pancreatic hormones help regulate your blood sugar levels and appetite, stimulate stomach acids, and tell your stomach when to empty.

106
Q

what are pancreatic islets

A

also called islets of Langerhans, are groups of cells in your pancreas. The pancreas is an organ that makes hormones to help your body break down and use food. Islets contain several types of cells, including beta cells that make the hormone insulin.

107
Q

what are the pancreatic enzymes

A

Lipase. This enzyme works together with bile, which your liver produces, to break down fat in your diet. If you don’t have enough lipase, your body will have trouble absorbing fat and the important fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Symptoms of poor fat absorption include diarrhea and fatty bowel movements.

Protease. This enzyme breaks down proteins in your diet. It also helps protect you from germs that may live in your intestines, like certain bacteria and yeast. Undigested proteins can cause allergic reactions in some people.

Amylase. This enzyme helps break down starches into sugar, which your body can use for energy. If you don’t have enough amylase, you may get diarrhea from undigested carbohydrates.

108
Q

what are pancreatic hormones

A

Insulin. This hormone is made in cells of the pancreas known as beta cells. Beta cells make up about 75% of pancreatic hormone cells. Insulin is the hormone that helps your body use sugar for energy. Without enough insulin, your sugar levels rise in your blood and you develop diabetes.

Glucagon. Alpha cells make up about 20% of the cells in your pancreas that produce hormones. They produce glucagon. If your blood sugar gets too low, glucagon helps raise it by sending a message to your liver to release stored sugar.

Gastrin and amylin. Gastrin is primarily made in the G cells in your stomach, but some is made in the pancrease, too. It stimulates your stomach to make gastric acid. Amylin is made in beta cells and helps control appetite and stomach emptying.

109
Q

what are the types of pancreatitis

A

acute and chronic

110
Q

what are the factors of acute pancreatitis

A

gallstones
alcoholic pancreatitis
no structural change
in unresolved will relapse

111
Q

what are the factors of chronic pancreatitis

A

unresolved episodes
repeated and increasing frequency
chronic inflammation
structrual changes
diabetes

112
Q

label this diagram

A
113
Q

what does the urinary tract do

A

The urinary tract is the body’s drainage system for removing urine, which is made up of wastes and extra fluid. For normal urination to occur, all body parts in the urinary tract need to work together, and in the correct order.

The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.

Kidneys. Two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below your rib cage, one on each side of your spine. Every day, your kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to remove wastes and balance fluids. This process produces about 1 to 2 quarts of urine per day.

Ureters. Thin tubes of muscle that connect your kidneys to your bladder and carry urine to the bladder.

Bladder. A hollow, muscular, balloon-shaped organ that expands as it fills with urine. The bladder sits in your pelvis between your hip bones. A normal bladder acts like a reservoir. It can hold 1.5 to 2 cups of urine. Although you do not control how your kidneys function, you can control when to empty your bladder. Bladder emptying is known as urination.

Urethra. A tube located at the bottom of the bladder that allows urine to exit the body during urination.

114
Q

what are the red flags of a UTI

A
115
Q

whats the biggest cause of UTI

A

ecoli

116
Q

symptoms of a UTI

A
  • pain or a burning sensation when peeing (dysuria)
  • needing to pee more often than usual
  • needing to pee more often than usual during the night (nocturia)
  • needing to pee suddenly or more urgently than usual
  • pee that looks cloudy
  • blood in your pee
  • lower tummy pain or pain in your back, just under the ribs
  • a high temperature, or feeling hot and shivery
  • a very low temperature below 36C
117
Q

symptoms in older adults with a cathether for a UTI

A

changes in behaviour, such as acting agitated or confused (delirium)
wetting themselves (incontinence) that is worse than usual
new shivering or shaking (rigors)

118
Q

causes of UTI

A

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually caused by bacteria from poo entering the urinary tract.

The bacteria enter through the tube that carries pee out of the body (urethra).

Women have a shorter urethra than men. This means bacteria are more likely to reach the bladder or kidneys and cause an infection.

Things that increase the risk of bacteria getting into the bladder include:

having sex
pregnancy
conditions that block the urinary tract – such as kidney stones
conditions that make it difficult to fully empty the bladder – such as an  enlarged prostate in men and constipation in children
urinary catheters (a tube in your bladder used to drain urine)
having a weakened immune system – for example, people with diabetes or people having chemotherapy
not drinking enough fluids
not keeping the genital area clean and dry

119
Q

what is urosepsis

A

Urosepsis is sepsis caused by infections of the urinary tract, including cystitis, or lower urinary tract and bladder infections, and pyelonephritis, or upper urinary tract and kidney infections. Nearly 25 percent of sepsis cases originate from the urogenital tract

120
Q

what is acute pylonephritis

A

kidney infection
A kidney infection is a painful and unpleasant illness usually caused by cystitis, a common infection of the bladder.

Most people with cystitis will not get a kidney infection, but occasionally the bacteria can travel up from the bladder into one or both kidneys.

If treated with antibiotics straight away a kidney infection does not cause serious harm, although you’ll feel very unwell.

If a kidney infection is not treated, it can get worse and sometimes cause permanent kidney damage.

121
Q

what is the pinchme common causes of delirium

A
122
Q

what is rhabdomyolysis

A

Rhabdomyolysis (pronounced “rab-doe-my-ah-luh-suhs”) is a condition that causes your muscles to break down (disintegrate), which leads to muscle death. When this happens, toxic components of your muscle fibers enter your circulation system and kidneys. This can cause kidney damage.

123
Q

what must you do if you leave a patient with abdo pain in the community

A

discuss with another healthcare professional

foundations of paramedic practice 2 (5 decks)

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