digestive system Flashcards
what is region 1
right hypochondriac region
what is region 2
right lumbar region
what is region 3
right iliac region
what is region 4
epigastric region
what is region 5
umbilical region
what is region 6
hypogastric region
what is region 7
left hypochondriac region
what is region 8
left lumbar region
what is region 9
left iliac region
what conditions may be likely if pain in right hypochondriac region
what conditions may be likely if pain in right lumbar region
what conditions may be likely if pain in right iliac region
what conditions may be likely if pain in epigastric region
what conditions may be likely if pain in umbilical region
what conditions may be likely if pain in hypogastric region
what conditions may be likely if pain in left hypochondriac region
what conditions may be likely if pain in left lumbar region
what conditions may be likely if pain in left iliac region
what is involved in the digestive system
ingestion, propulasion, digestion, absorption, elimination
alimentary canal
accessory organs
what is in the alimantary canal
what is the accessory organs
what can disorders of GI tract effect
nutrition and
what is upper digestive region
oral cavity, throat, oesophagus, stomach
what is the lower digestive region
stomach anus
what is lining of digestive system
mucus
what are the two compartments of peritoneum
greater and lesser sacs
parietal and visceral
what is peritoneum function
peritoneum is large of the body and it is a closed sac
prevents infection moving from one area to another
what is peritonitis
infection of peritoneum
what permeability is the outer layer
outer layer is semi permeable
what order is parietal and visceral
visceral lines the organs
what is the peritoneal fluid for
stops the friction
where is the lesser sac of the peritoneum
posterial
what conditions effect peritoneum
primary and secondary peritonitis
what is a condition of primary peritonitis
ascites- infection of the fluid
affects those with liver disease
what is secondary peritonitis
direct contamination, spillage of gi contents or elimination contents
what is GORD
gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
why is the oesophagus u bend shaped
prevents regurgitation
whats the purpuse of UES
prevents air from entering GI tract
what happens if sphyncter does not work
acid from the stomach will track up and start to ruin the epithelium of the epiglottis
why are women more likely to die from an MI
having an MI which presents as epigastric pain- do an ECG
what does the sphyncter do
controls food passage from throat to stomach
factors of GORD
combination of mechanisms
* reduced tone of sphyncter
* delayed gastric emptying
* causes damage by acid
risk factors of GORD
- family history
- obesity
- age
- hiatus hernia
trigger foods for GORD
coffee
chocolate
alcohol
fatty food
beta blockers
ibuprofen
tricyclic antidepressants
lesser factors of GORD
LOS( lower oesophageal sphyncter), stress, asthma, NSAIDS, smoking, alcohol, dietary factors
what drugs can we give to someone with GORD (not pre-hospital)
protein pump inhibitors - lanzoprizol
what is the purpose of mucosa in stomach
lubricate food
facilitate movement
form protective layer
what is it called inflamation of the stomach
gastritis
what causes gastritis
prolonged use of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
what infection can be diagnosed with a breath test
h pylori of the stomach
found in 90% of peptic ulcer patients
where does a peptic ulcer go
penetrates to all layers of the stomach
risk factors of gastritis
- h pylori infection
- non steroidal anti inflammatories
- smoking
- alcohol
- stress
what questions could you ask for abdo pain
- where is the pain
- associated symptoms
- have you opened your bowels
- do you smoke
- whats your diet like
- alcohol consumption
- PMHx
- DHx
- FHx
what is a upper GI bleed
common medical emergency
10% mortality rate
most common cause of upper GI bleed
peptic ulcer 35% all cases
second most common cause of upper GI bleed
oesophageal gastric varisies
what can cause liver disease
food consumption and alcohol
purpose of liver
filters toxins
reduces bile
helps with clotting
what is caused when liver is damaged
portal hypertension
blood is redirected into lower oesophageal and varises bulge
sudden rupture is life threatening haemorrhage
bleeding exiting at mouth called
haemetemesis
what are little tears in oespohagus called
mallory-weiss tears
what is blood in the stools called from GI bleeding
melena
what are 3 sections of lower GI
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
what does the ileum do
controls flow into the secum
what does messentary do
attaches jejunum and ilium to abdominal wall
where are organs of the pelvis attached
through the superior surface
conditions of the lower GI
appendicitis
coeleac
crones
IBS
AAA
what is coeliac disease
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition. This is where the immune system (the body’s defence against infection) mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.
In coeliac disease, the immune system mistakes substances found inside gluten as a threat to the body and attacks them.
This damages the surface of the small bowel (intestines), disrupting the body’s ability to take in nutrients from food.
It’s not entirely clear what causes the immune system to act this way, but a combination of genetics and the environment appear to play a part.
what is crones disease
Crohn’s disease is a lifelong condition where parts of the digestive system become inflamed.
It’s one type of a condition called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
The exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown.
It’s thought several things could play a role, including:
your genes – you’re more likely to get it if a close family member has it
a problem with the immune system (the body’s defence against infection) that causes it to attack the digestive system
smoking
a previous stomach bug
an abnormal balance of gut bacteria
There’s no evidence to suggest a particular diet causes Crohn’s disease.
type of poo associated with malabsorption or pancreatic issues
steatorrhea
what is the poo chart called
bristol stool chart
where is appendicitis located
right lower quadrant of abdomen
what is the function of the appendix
secretes mucus into the secum to aid digestion
what is hypothesised cause of appendicitis
low fibre diet leads to constipation and then it backs up to appendix which decreses mucus drainage and causes inflammation and necrosis
could lead to peritonitis
symptoms of appendicitis
Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the umbilical region that may come and go.
Within hours, the pain travels to the lower right-hand side- right iliac region, where the appendix usually lies, and becomes constant and severe.
Pressing on this area, coughing or walking may make the pain worse.
You may lose your appetite, feel sick and have constipation or diarrhoea.
what is a bowel obstruction
the interruption in the patency of the GI tract
what can an undiagnosed bowel obstruction cause
ischaemia, necrosis and
symptoms of bowel obstruction
distention, vommiting, constitipation, diarrhorea (could be overflow)
what is ischaemic bowel
blockage of blood flow to the bowel
what are risk factors of ischaemic bowel
af
atherolosclerosis
smoking
pe
embolism
signs and symptoms of ischaemic bowel
abdo pain
presence of risk factors
melena
disproportionate pain to physical findings
how can a AAA present
abdo pain
where does the aorta enter for AAA
enters into abdominal cavity
what is an AAA
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a swelling in the aorta, the artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (abdomen). Most aneurysms do not cause any problems, but they can be serious because there’s a risk they could burst (rupture).
what are the causes and risk factors of AAA
An abdominal aortic aneurysm happens when the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the tummy (the aorta) becomes weakened.
It’s not always clear what causes it, but some people have a higher chance of getting one.
You’re more at risk if you:
- are male and aged 65 or over
- smoke or used to smoke
- have high blood pressure
- have high cholesterol
- have a close relative who’s had an abdominal aortic aneurysm
- have coronary or peripheral artery disease (atherosclerosis)
- have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- have a condition such as Marfan syndrome
Sometimes an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be caused by an infection, but this is rare.
how might a AAA present
back pain
pulsing mass
collapse
what is #1 called
liver
what is #5 called
gallbladder
where is excess glucose stored as glycogen
liver
what are ketones produced from and why
fatty acids for energy
where are ketones produced
liver
what synthesises proteins
liver
what is scarring of the liver called
cirrhosis
what are some functions of the liver
- processing digested food from the intestine
- controlling levels of fats, amino acids and glucose in the blood
- combating infections
- clearing the blood of particles and infections, including bacteria
- neutralising and destroying all drugs and toxins
- manufacturing bile
- storing iron, vitamins and other essential chemicals
- breaking down food and turning it into energy
- manufacturing, breaking down and regulating numerous hormones including sex hormones
- making enzymes and proteins which are responsible for most chemical reactions in the body, for example those involved in blood clotting and repair of damaged tissues.
what artery and vein supply liver
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
what is bile also known as
gall
what are gallstones
bile
causes of gallstones
bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts
five fs of gallstones
fat, female, fertile forty, fair
what are symptoms of gallstones
Gallstones often have no symptoms.
But if a gallstone becomes trapped in an opening (duct) inside the gallbladder, it can trigger a sudden, intense pain in your tummy that usually lasts between 1 and 5 hours.
This type of abdominal pain is known as biliary colic.
pain in upper right quadrant, can go to right shoulder
Some people with gallstones can also develop complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis).
This can cause:
- persistent pain
- yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
- a high temperature
- When gallstones cause symptoms or complications, it’s known as gallstone disease or cholelithiasis.
what is the gallbladder
The gallbladder is a small pouch-like organ found underneath the liver. Its main purpose is to store and concentrate bile.
Bile is a liquid produced by the liver to help digest fats. It’s passed from the liver into the gallbladder through a series of channels known as bile ducts.
The bile is stored in the gallbladder and, over time, becomes more concentrated, which makes it better at digesting fats.
The gallbladder releases bile into the digestive system when it’s needed.
how is gallstones treated
Treatment is usually only necessary if gallstones are causing:
symptoms, such as tummy pain
complications, such as jaundice or acute pancreatitis
In these cases, keyhole surgery to remove the gallbladder may be recommended.
This procedure, known as a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is relatively simple to perform and has a low risk of complications.
It’s possible to lead a normal life without a gallbladder.
Your liver will still produce bile to digest food, but the bile will drip continuously into the small intestine, rather than build up in the gallbladder.
what is the risk factors of gallstones
severe illness, prolonged gallbladder immobilty, diabetes, low activity, low fibre
what is the pancreas
It is located inside your abdomen, just behind your stomach. It’s about the size of your hand. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones. These are chemical messengers that travel through your blood. Pancreatic hormones help regulate your blood sugar levels and appetite, stimulate stomach acids, and tell your stomach when to empty.
what are pancreatic islets
also called islets of Langerhans, are groups of cells in your pancreas. The pancreas is an organ that makes hormones to help your body break down and use food. Islets contain several types of cells, including beta cells that make the hormone insulin.
what are the pancreatic enzymes
Lipase. This enzyme works together with bile, which your liver produces, to break down fat in your diet. If you don’t have enough lipase, your body will have trouble absorbing fat and the important fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Symptoms of poor fat absorption include diarrhea and fatty bowel movements.
Protease. This enzyme breaks down proteins in your diet. It also helps protect you from germs that may live in your intestines, like certain bacteria and yeast. Undigested proteins can cause allergic reactions in some people.
Amylase. This enzyme helps break down starches into sugar, which your body can use for energy. If you don’t have enough amylase, you may get diarrhea from undigested carbohydrates.
what are pancreatic hormones
Insulin. This hormone is made in cells of the pancreas known as beta cells. Beta cells make up about 75% of pancreatic hormone cells. Insulin is the hormone that helps your body use sugar for energy. Without enough insulin, your sugar levels rise in your blood and you develop diabetes.
Glucagon. Alpha cells make up about 20% of the cells in your pancreas that produce hormones. They produce glucagon. If your blood sugar gets too low, glucagon helps raise it by sending a message to your liver to release stored sugar.
Gastrin and amylin. Gastrin is primarily made in the G cells in your stomach, but some is made in the pancrease, too. It stimulates your stomach to make gastric acid. Amylin is made in beta cells and helps control appetite and stomach emptying.
what are the types of pancreatitis
acute and chronic
what are the factors of acute pancreatitis
gallstones
alcoholic pancreatitis
no structural change
in unresolved will relapse
what are the factors of chronic pancreatitis
unresolved episodes
repeated and increasing frequency
chronic inflammation
structrual changes
diabetes
label this diagram
what does the urinary tract do
The urinary tract is the body’s drainage system for removing urine, which is made up of wastes and extra fluid. For normal urination to occur, all body parts in the urinary tract need to work together, and in the correct order.
The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra.
Kidneys. Two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below your rib cage, one on each side of your spine. Every day, your kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to remove wastes and balance fluids. This process produces about 1 to 2 quarts of urine per day.
Ureters. Thin tubes of muscle that connect your kidneys to your bladder and carry urine to the bladder.
Bladder. A hollow, muscular, balloon-shaped organ that expands as it fills with urine. The bladder sits in your pelvis between your hip bones. A normal bladder acts like a reservoir. It can hold 1.5 to 2 cups of urine. Although you do not control how your kidneys function, you can control when to empty your bladder. Bladder emptying is known as urination.
Urethra. A tube located at the bottom of the bladder that allows urine to exit the body during urination.
what are the red flags of a UTI
whats the biggest cause of UTI
ecoli
symptoms of a UTI
- pain or a burning sensation when peeing (dysuria)
- needing to pee more often than usual
- needing to pee more often than usual during the night (nocturia)
- needing to pee suddenly or more urgently than usual
- pee that looks cloudy
- blood in your pee
- lower tummy pain or pain in your back, just under the ribs
- a high temperature, or feeling hot and shivery
- a very low temperature below 36C
symptoms in older adults with a cathether for a UTI
changes in behaviour, such as acting agitated or confused (delirium)
wetting themselves (incontinence) that is worse than usual
new shivering or shaking (rigors)
causes of UTI
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually caused by bacteria from poo entering the urinary tract.
The bacteria enter through the tube that carries pee out of the body (urethra).
Women have a shorter urethra than men. This means bacteria are more likely to reach the bladder or kidneys and cause an infection.
Things that increase the risk of bacteria getting into the bladder include:
having sex
pregnancy
conditions that block the urinary tract – such as kidney stones
conditions that make it difficult to fully empty the bladder – such as an enlarged prostate in men and constipation in children
urinary catheters (a tube in your bladder used to drain urine)
having a weakened immune system – for example, people with diabetes or people having chemotherapy
not drinking enough fluids
not keeping the genital area clean and dry
what is urosepsis
Urosepsis is sepsis caused by infections of the urinary tract, including cystitis, or lower urinary tract and bladder infections, and pyelonephritis, or upper urinary tract and kidney infections. Nearly 25 percent of sepsis cases originate from the urogenital tract
what is acute pylonephritis
kidney infection
A kidney infection is a painful and unpleasant illness usually caused by cystitis, a common infection of the bladder.
Most people with cystitis will not get a kidney infection, but occasionally the bacteria can travel up from the bladder into one or both kidneys.
If treated with antibiotics straight away a kidney infection does not cause serious harm, although you’ll feel very unwell.
If a kidney infection is not treated, it can get worse and sometimes cause permanent kidney damage.
what is the pinchme common causes of delirium
what is rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis (pronounced “rab-doe-my-ah-luh-suhs”) is a condition that causes your muscles to break down (disintegrate), which leads to muscle death. When this happens, toxic components of your muscle fibers enter your circulation system and kidneys. This can cause kidney damage.
what must you do if you leave a patient with abdo pain in the community
discuss with another healthcare professional
