Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the primary reproductive organs called?
Gonads: the testes and the ovaries
What are the 2 functions of gonads?
produce gametes (spermatozoa oocytes) and secrete hormones
What are the three roles of the male reproductive system?
- produce and transport sperm
- deposit sperm within female reproductive tract
- secrete hormones
What do the testes do?
Produce testosterone and sperm
What is the name for structures that come from the same embryonic primordia?
Homologous structures
The ovaries are homologous with what?
Testes
The penis is homologous to what?
Clitoris
The scrotum is homologous to what?
Labia majora
What does HPG Axis stand for?
Hypothalamus to pituitary to gonads
What does the hypothalamus release?
Gonadotropin
What does the anterior pituitary release?
FSH and LH
What does FSH and LH do?
Causes gamete production and hormone secretion
What organ releases estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone?
Gonads
What affects other target cells in the body?
The gonadal hormones
Every cell in the body divides by what?
Mitosis
What is the saying for mitosis?
The mother cells divides into two daughter cells just like her
Where does meiosis only occur in the reproductive system?
In the gonads (ovaries and testes)
What does meiotic division accomplish?
- cuts the DNA in half
- cuts the chromosome number in half
How many divisions of meiosis are there?
2: meiosis I and meiosis II
How many cells will a cell produce when going under meiosis?
4 new cells
After meiosis how many of the new cells are functional in males?
All 4 new cells are functional spermatozoa… the goal is to produce many tiny gametes that can fertilize the oocyte
After meiosis how many of the new cells are functional in females?
There is only 1 new functional cell.. the functional secondary oocyte. the goal is to produce one large cell that can be fertilized and then undergo many divisions on its trip to the uterus.
What are the other 3 nonfunctional cells called in females after meiosis?
Polar cells…this is how we account for chromosomes and DNA
What is the process of making male gametes called?
Spermatozoa
Where does spermatozoa take place?
Seminiferous tubules of the testes
How many lobules are the testes divided into?
250, each has seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells
Where is sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
Where is testosterone produced?
Interstitial cells
What are spermatogonia?
undifferentiated first cells
What is the first step of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia produces primary spermatocytes
What is the second step of spermatogenesis?
Primary spermatocytes accomplish Meiosis I which leads to 2 secondary spermatocytes (the first to have only half the number of chromosomes)
What is the third step of spermatogenesis?
The 2 secondary spermatocytes accomplish Meiosis II which leads to 4 spermatids (each has 23 chromosomes but with less DNA)
What is the fourth step of spermatogenesis?
The 4 spermatids undergo spermatogenesis, the transformation into functional spermatozoa (they grow tails and lose most of their excess cytoplasm)
What is step 5 of spermatogenesis?
The spermatozoa now move tot her epididmysis where they mature and learn how to swim
Where are spermatogenic cells located?
In the epithelium of seminiferous tubules
What are the ducts in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
What is the order of the duct system?
Seminiferous tubules to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididymis to ductus deferens to ampulla to ejaculatory duct to urethra
How many parts does the urethra have?
3: prostatic, intermediate, spongy
How long is the epididymis?
17-20 feet
Where does sperm mature?
epididymis
What cord is the ductus deferens (vas deferens) apart of?
spermatic cord- goes through lingual canal
What does the ductus deferens join with to create the ejaculatory duct?
duct of seminal vesicle
Where does the ejaculatory duct pass through?
passes through the prostate then join the urethra
What systems does the urethra serve?
reproductive and urinary
What are the parts of the urethra?
prostatic, membranous, and penile
How many systems can carry urine and sperm at the same time? Why?
only 1… due to valve system
Where do the testes lie?
In the scrotum outside of the pelvic cavity
What are the accessory glands for males?
seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper’s glands)
What is responsible for secreting fluid that is rich in VC, fructose, and prostaglandins to nourish and activate sperm?
seminal vesicles
What secretes alkaline substance that helps with protecting sperm from the vagina’s acidic environment
prostate
What secrets mucus into the penile urethra to act as a lubricant
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s glands)
How much sperm is from the seminal vesicles?
about 60%
Where is the remainder of sperm from?
Prostate
What is the pH of sperm?
7.2-7.6
How much sperm in in one ejaculation?
2-6ml… one teaspoon
How many sperm are there?
about 50-100 million
Why are the testes apart of the scrotum?
To keep a lower temperature about 93.2 degrees
When does descent occur in fetal development?
during theist two months
What is the term for failure to descend?
cryptorchidism
How many columns of erectile tissue does the penis have?
3: (2) corpora cavemosa and (1) corpus spongiosum
Where does the urethra go through in the penis? corp
thru corpus spongisum
What is the tip of the corpus spongiosum called?
glans penis
What is another name for foreskin?
prepuce
What does erection mean?
accumulation of blood in erectile tissue, for penetration
What is emission?
movement of sperm and glandular secretions into urethra by rhythmic peristaltic type of contractions
What is ejaculation?
Expulsion of semen from the urethra to the outside
What is an orgasm?
emission and ejaculation
What are male sex hormones called?
Androgens
When does secretion of testosterone begin?
during fetal development and continues at a very low level throughout childhood
What happens at the ages 10-13 with testosterone?
secretion increases-puberty
What happens to testosterone after puberty?
It is secreted continuously
What are the primary sex characteristics in males?
The penis and testes enlarge due to testosterone
What are the secondary sex characteristics in males?
increase in hair, increase in larynx…deeper voice, skin thickening and increase activity of oil and sweat glands, musculoskeletal growth…wider shoulders
What are the roles of the female reproductive system?
produce gametes, secrete hormones, receive male gamete, nature and protect developing baby
What happens in the ovaries?
the female gamete develops within the ovarian follicles
What does each ovarian follicle have?
a potential gamete cell and follicular cell
How many follicles is a female born with?
2 million but then its only 400,000 once puberty hits
How many follicles fully mature?
Only 400, about one each month
When does meiosis begin?
In prenatal life
When does Meiosis I arrest?
During prophase I
What is a baby girl born with?
All of her potential oocytes in prophase I of meiosis I
When does Meiosis I continue and what happens?
It resumes at puberty and each month one primary oocytes finishes Meiosis I and a secondary oocyte is formed
What does the secondary oocyte do?
It starts Meiosos II and is ovulated at metaphase I of Meiosis II
What is the secondary oocyte?
It is a ovulated oocyte in the middle of Meiosis II
What happens to the secondary oocyte during ovulation?
Zona pellucida and corona radiate surrounds the secondary oocyte
What is the mature follicle called?
Graafian follicle
What are the steps of ovulation?
- the follicle bursts and the secondary oocyte is released.
- it goes into the uterine tube, with the help of the fimbriae it creates a current.
- In the ovary the empty follicle fills it with corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and some estrogen.
- If sperm it present it can fertilized, where corpus letup will stay and continue producing progesterone.
- If not corpus leteum is replaced by corpus albicans
What maintains early pregnancy?
corpus luteum
What hormones do the ovaries make during puberty?
Estrogen and progesterone
What secretes estrogen?
Follicle cells
How much of each hormone does corpus luteum secrete?
large amounts of progesterone but small amounts of estrogen
What is estradiol?
A form of estrogen that promotes the maturation of oocytes and develops the secondary sex characteristics which causes feminizing effects
What are the three effects of corpus leteum?
establishment of periods, maintains pregnancy, prepare boobs for milk and placenta will take over during pregnancy
What are the uterine tubes called?
fallopian tubes
How long are the fallopian tubes?
10 cm
Where is the site of fertilizations?
fallopian tubes
How long does it take for the egg to reach the uterus once fertilized?
4-5 days
What does ectopic pregnancy mean
if the fertilized egg is implanted in the tube and not the uterus
Where is the uterus at
between the bladder and the rectum
What is the shape of the uterus?
upside down pear shape with fundus (dome shape), body (central region), and cervix ( neck that opens into the vagina)
What is the vagina?
It is a 4 inch muscular tube that includes the hymen which is a thin membrane opening. The mucosal lining allows for the vagina to stretch during child birth
