Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the primary reproductive organs called?
Gonads: the testes and the ovaries
What are the 2 functions of gonads?
produce gametes (spermatozoa oocytes) and secrete hormones
What are the three roles of the male reproductive system?
- produce and transport sperm
- deposit sperm within female reproductive tract
- secrete hormones
What do the testes do?
Produce testosterone and sperm
What is the name for structures that come from the same embryonic primordia?
Homologous structures
The ovaries are homologous with what?
Testes
The penis is homologous to what?
Clitoris
The scrotum is homologous to what?
Labia majora
What does HPG Axis stand for?
Hypothalamus to pituitary to gonads
What does the hypothalamus release?
Gonadotropin
What does the anterior pituitary release?
FSH and LH
What does FSH and LH do?
Causes gamete production and hormone secretion
What organ releases estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone?
Gonads
What affects other target cells in the body?
The gonadal hormones
Every cell in the body divides by what?
Mitosis
What is the saying for mitosis?
The mother cells divides into two daughter cells just like her
Where does meiosis only occur in the reproductive system?
In the gonads (ovaries and testes)
What does meiotic division accomplish?
- cuts the DNA in half
- cuts the chromosome number in half
How many divisions of meiosis are there?
2: meiosis I and meiosis II
How many cells will a cell produce when going under meiosis?
4 new cells
After meiosis how many of the new cells are functional in males?
All 4 new cells are functional spermatozoa… the goal is to produce many tiny gametes that can fertilize the oocyte
After meiosis how many of the new cells are functional in females?
There is only 1 new functional cell.. the functional secondary oocyte. the goal is to produce one large cell that can be fertilized and then undergo many divisions on its trip to the uterus.
What are the other 3 nonfunctional cells called in females after meiosis?
Polar cells…this is how we account for chromosomes and DNA
What is the process of making male gametes called?
Spermatozoa
Where does spermatozoa take place?
Seminiferous tubules of the testes
How many lobules are the testes divided into?
250, each has seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells
Where is sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
Where is testosterone produced?
Interstitial cells
What are spermatogonia?
undifferentiated first cells
What is the first step of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia produces primary spermatocytes
What is the second step of spermatogenesis?
Primary spermatocytes accomplish Meiosis I which leads to 2 secondary spermatocytes (the first to have only half the number of chromosomes)
What is the third step of spermatogenesis?
The 2 secondary spermatocytes accomplish Meiosis II which leads to 4 spermatids (each has 23 chromosomes but with less DNA)
What is the fourth step of spermatogenesis?
The 4 spermatids undergo spermatogenesis, the transformation into functional spermatozoa (they grow tails and lose most of their excess cytoplasm)
What is step 5 of spermatogenesis?
The spermatozoa now move tot her epididmysis where they mature and learn how to swim
Where are spermatogenic cells located?
In the epithelium of seminiferous tubules
What are the ducts in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
What is the order of the duct system?
Seminiferous tubules to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididymis to ductus deferens to ampulla to ejaculatory duct to urethra
How many parts does the urethra have?
3: prostatic, intermediate, spongy
How long is the epididymis?
17-20 feet
Where does sperm mature?
epididymis
What cord is the ductus deferens (vas deferens) apart of?
spermatic cord- goes through lingual canal