reproductive system

Question 1

Distinctions (sex organs)

Answer 1

• primary sex organs (gonads): ovaries, testes (produce gametes)
• secondary sex organs: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, ducts, glands, penis
• internal genitalia: ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, vesicles, prostate
• external genitalia: clitoris, labia, pubis, penis, scrotum, vaginal orifice, vestibular bulbs, vestibular glands, paraurethral glands

Question 2

gross anatomy of the uterus and connection to ovary

Answer 2

• uterus: muscular chamber superior to vagina, lies in a depression on the dorsal pelvic wall; provides nourishment, protection, and delivery of fetus; consists of the fundus, body, and cervix
• covered with a tunica albuginea
  Inside, the medulla consists of fibrous connective tissue with arteries and veins while the cortex is the site of the ovarian follicles, structures that contain the ovum and follicular cells
• ligaments: ovarian, suspensory, mesovarium, broad
• layers: perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle), endometrium (inner)
• Attached to ovary (secretes hormones)

Question 3

ovulation

Answer 3

• usually occurs in the 14th day of the ovarian cycle
• follicle ruptures, fluid carrying oocyte and surrounding layer of cumulus cells ooze out
• primary day for fertilization

Question 4

how many primary oocytes does a female have by the onset of puberty?

Answer 4

there are 400,000 primary oocytes at the onset of puberty

Question 5

myoepithelial cells

Answer 5

• in the nipple, each acinus contains pyramidal cells and myoepithelial cells
• stimulation of the nipple during nursing leads to the release of oxytocin that targets the myoepithelial cells
• causes to contract and milk is squeezed into the lactiferous ducts

Question 6

tnica albuginea

Answer 6

shiny, white fibrous capsule covering testes and ovaries

Question 7

epididymus

Answer 7

• in spermatic ducts, sperm passes through the efferent ductules from the testes to the epididymis
• euns along the posterior side of the testes
• sperm matures as they travel through the epididymis and are stored there until ejaculation

SPERM STORAGE AND MATURATION
-head, body, and tail

Question 8

Gross anatomy and position of the prostate gland

Answer 8

• surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory duct immediately inferior to the bladder
• its secretions enter the urethra and constitute about 30% of the semen
• the short ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra

Question 9

structure of an individual erectile tissue of male and female

Answer 9

Male:
- 3 cylindrical bodies called erectile tissue fill with blood during sexual arousal and causes an erection
- they are the corpus spongiosum on the ventral side of the penis and the corpus cavernosum on either side of the dorsal penis
- penis receives blood from the internal pudendal arteries that branch from the internal iliac arteries
- when they dilate, blood sinuses called lacunae fill and the erectile tissues swell.

Female:
- deep to the labia majora is subcutaneous erectile tissue, the vestibular bulbs, which bracket the vagina and become congested with blood

Question 10

gross anatomy of the breast, and the structure of the mammary gland (particularly the acini, lactiferous sinus)

Answer 10

anatomy:
- consist of body and axllary tail
- areola surronds nipple
- breasts develop at puberty and overlie the pectoralis major

• Mammary glands develop during pregnancy, remain active during lactation, and atrophy after weaning
• Non-lactating breast consists mostly of adipose and collagenous tissue. Suspensory ligaments attach the breast to the dermis of the overlying skin and the fascia of the pectoralis muscle
• During pregnancy, the mammary gland develops 15-20 lobes arranged radially around the nipple. Each lobe drains to a lactiferous duct, which dilates to a lactiferous sinus opening onto the nipple. The lactiferous ducts branch to the secretory acini organized in grape-like clusters within each lobe. Each acinus contains pyramidal cells and myoepithelial cells