Reproductive system Flashcards
How does infection reach the epididymis?
By the ascednsing vas deferens from the already infected bladder or urethra.
Epididymis is common for whom and what are the symptoms?
Young males
Main symptom is pain in the testicles and phrehns sign.
What is epididymis?
Inflammation of the epididymis
What can orchidits be caused by and what can it cause?
It can be caused by mumps virus and orchididits can’t cause infertility.
What is orchiditis?
Inflammation of the testicle
What are 2 cardinal signs of testicular torsion?
Negative cremasteric reflex and negative phrenhs sign
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
What is a hydrocele?
Fluid collection that resolves on its own.
What makes a variocele feel better?
Elevation and lying down
What is a variocele?
Enlargement of the scrotom like varicose veins. “Bag of worms”
What is spermatoceles?
Epidural cysts, benign collections of fluid of the epididymis located between the head and testes.
What is a rectocele?
The bulging of the Re rum and POSTERIOR vaginal wall into vaginal canal.
What is a cystocele?
Decent of the POSTERIOR bladder into the vaginal canal.
What is acute bacterial prostatitis and it’s symptoms?
An ASCENDING infection of the urinary tract.
Malaise, back pain, perineal pain, fever, chills, painful ejaculation, UTI symptoms.
Think STI if found in younger men.
What is BPH and it’s symptoms?
Enlarged prostate usually in older men, urinary symptoms with no infection.
STI can cause what in males and females?
Prostatitis and PID
Is bacterial vaginosis a STI?
No
What are some examples of STIs?
HIV, Syphillis, gonorrhea, chlaymydia, trich, herpes 1 and 2, HPV, Zika
What is the necessary precursor to the development of the precancerous dysplasia that leads to uttering cancer?
Infection with high risk oncogenes types of HPV
What is the leading cause of oropharyngeal cancer?
HPV
What can smoking do in HPV?
Increase risk for persistent infections and later development of cervical cancer.
What types of cancer do we have a immunization for?
HPV
What is a complication with leiomyomas?
Menorrhagia
What accounts for all hysterectomy in women less than 40?
Leiomyomas
What are leiomyomas?
Fibroids, benign tumors in the myometrium.
Where is endometriosis found?
Outside the uterus
What is the key sign with endometriosis?
Pain with menstrual cycles.
What are the 4 things that affect hyperandrogenic state?
Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity.
What medication is used in PCOS?
Metformin
What is the cardinal sign for PCOS?
Hyperandrogenic state
What are causes of secondary amenorrhea?
Common cause is pregnancy.
Dramatic weight loss, stress, excessive exercise, PCOS, lactation, thyroid
What is secondary amenorrhea?
Absence of menstraution for 3 months or more or 6 months in women who have previously menstrauted.
What is primary amenorrhea?
Failure of menarche and absence of menstraution by 13 without development of secondary sex characteristics by 15.
What is secondary dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation r/t pelvic pathological conditions at any time in the cycle, occurs later in life and needs a work up.
What is primary dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles.
50% of adolescent
What does LH do in males?
Acts on testicular Leydig cells and influences testosterone production.
What does luteinizing hormone do in women?
Triggers ovulation with ovum release and then progesterone production-supports early pregnancy
What does FSH do in males?
Enhances production of androgen-binding protein in select testicular cells, a process critical to spermatogenisis.
What does the follicular stimulating hormone do on females?
Stimulates growth of immature garafian follicles to maturation when inhibin is released this shuts down FSH production.
Progesterone, what does it do?
SECRETORY HORMONE-maintains pregnancy
What does inhibin do?
Positive feedback loop-inhibits release of hormones
What does testosterone do?
Growth of testes, scrotom and penis
What does estrogen do?
PROLIFERATE HORMONE-Increase production of growth factors and rapid skeletal growth.
What is estradiol do?
BREAST DEVELOPMENT, maturation of vagina, uterus, ovaries and fat deposits.
When do you know females have reached puberty?
Ovaries begin to release mature ova
When do you know males have reached puberty?
When testes begin to produce mature sperm
What is puberty?
The complex biological and psychological process involving sexual development-heralded by the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone. (GnRH)
What are characteristic of hyperandrogenic state?
Excessive androgens Affect follicular growth and insulin affects follicular decline by suppressing apoptosis and enabling follicules, thus creating cysts.
