Reproductive system

Question 1

How does infection reach the epididymis?

Answer 1

By the ascednsing vas deferens from the already infected bladder or urethra.

Question 2

Epididymis is common for whom and what are the symptoms?

Answer 2

Young males

Main symptom is pain in the testicles and phrehns sign.

Question 3

What is epididymis?

Answer 3

Inflammation of the epididymis

Question 4

What can orchidits be caused by and what can it cause?

Answer 4

It can be caused by mumps virus and orchididits can’t cause infertility.

Question 5

What is orchiditis?

Answer 5

Inflammation of the testicle

Question 6

What are 2 cardinal signs of testicular torsion?

Answer 6

Negative cremasteric reflex and negative phrenhs sign

MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Question 7

What is a hydrocele?

Answer 7

Fluid collection that resolves on its own.

Question 8

What makes a variocele feel better?

Answer 8

Elevation and lying down

Question 9

What is a variocele?

Answer 9

Enlargement of the scrotom like varicose veins. “Bag of worms”

Question 10

What is spermatoceles?

Answer 10

Epidural cysts, benign collections of fluid of the epididymis located between the head and testes.

Question 11

What is a rectocele?

Answer 11

The bulging of the Re rum and POSTERIOR vaginal wall into vaginal canal.

Question 12

What is a cystocele?

Answer 12

Decent of the POSTERIOR bladder into the vaginal canal.

Question 13

What is acute bacterial prostatitis and it’s symptoms?

Answer 13

An ASCENDING infection of the urinary tract.

Malaise, back pain, perineal pain, fever, chills, painful ejaculation, UTI symptoms.

Think STI if found in younger men.

Question 14

What is BPH and it’s symptoms?

Answer 14

Enlarged prostate usually in older men, urinary symptoms with no infection.

Question 15

STI can cause what in males and females?

Answer 15

Prostatitis and PID

Question 16

Is bacterial vaginosis a STI?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What are some examples of STIs?

Answer 17

HIV, Syphillis, gonorrhea, chlaymydia, trich, herpes 1 and 2, HPV, Zika

Question 18

What is the necessary precursor to the development of the precancerous dysplasia that leads to uttering cancer?

Answer 18

Infection with high risk oncogenes types of HPV

Question 19

What is the leading cause of oropharyngeal cancer?

Answer 19

HPV

Question 20

What can smoking do in HPV?

Answer 20

Increase risk for persistent infections and later development of cervical cancer.

Question 21

What types of cancer do we have a immunization for?

Answer 21

HPV

Question 22

What is a complication with leiomyomas?

Answer 22

Menorrhagia

Question 23

What accounts for all hysterectomy in women less than 40?

Answer 23

Leiomyomas

Question 24

What are leiomyomas?

Answer 24

Fibroids, benign tumors in the myometrium.

Question 25

Where is endometriosis found?

Answer 25

Outside the uterus

Question 26

What is the key sign with endometriosis?

Answer 26

Pain with menstrual cycles.

Question 27

What are the 4 things that affect hyperandrogenic state?

Answer 27

Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity.

Question 28

What medication is used in PCOS?

Answer 28

Metformin

Question 29

What is the cardinal sign for PCOS?

Answer 29

Hyperandrogenic state

Question 30

What are causes of secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 30

Common cause is pregnancy.

Dramatic weight loss, stress, excessive exercise, PCOS, lactation, thyroid

Question 31

What is secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 31

Absence of menstraution for 3 months or more or 6 months in women who have previously menstrauted.

Question 32

What is primary amenorrhea?

Answer 32

Failure of menarche and absence of menstraution by 13 without development of secondary sex characteristics by 15.

Question 33

What is secondary dysmenorrhea?

Answer 33

Painful menstruation r/t pelvic pathological conditions at any time in the cycle, occurs later in life and needs a work up.

Question 34

What is primary dysmenorrhea?

Answer 34

Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles.

50% of adolescent

Question 35

What does LH do in males?

Answer 35

Acts on testicular Leydig cells and influences testosterone production.

Question 36

What does luteinizing hormone do in women?

Answer 36

Triggers ovulation with ovum release and then progesterone production-supports early pregnancy

Question 37

What does FSH do in males?

Answer 37

Enhances production of androgen-binding protein in select testicular cells, a process critical to spermatogenisis.

Question 38

What does the follicular stimulating hormone do on females?

Answer 38

Stimulates growth of immature garafian follicles to maturation when inhibin is released this shuts down FSH production.

Question 39

Progesterone, what does it do?

Answer 39

SECRETORY HORMONE-maintains pregnancy

Question 40

What does inhibin do?

Answer 40

Positive feedback loop-inhibits release of hormones

Question 41

What does testosterone do?

Answer 41

Growth of testes, scrotom and penis

Question 42

What does estrogen do?

Answer 42

PROLIFERATE HORMONE-Increase production of growth factors and rapid skeletal growth.

Question 43

What is estradiol do?

Answer 43

BREAST DEVELOPMENT, maturation of vagina, uterus, ovaries and fat deposits.

Question 44

When do you know females have reached puberty?

Answer 44

Ovaries begin to release mature ova

Question 45

When do you know males have reached puberty?

Answer 45

When testes begin to produce mature sperm

Question 46

What is puberty?

Answer 46

The complex biological and psychological process involving sexual development-heralded by the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone. (GnRH)

Question 47

What are characteristic of hyperandrogenic state?

Answer 47

Excessive androgens Affect follicular growth and insulin affects follicular decline by suppressing apoptosis and enabling follicules, thus creating cysts.