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ecology > reproductive strategies > Flashcards

reproductive strategies Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

a reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from two parents

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2
Q

gonads

A

the primary sexual organ in animals

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3
Q

sexual gametes are produced through meiosis, which results in

A

haploid cells contain a single full set of chromosomes

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4
Q

haploid gametes fuse together to produce a

A

diploid zygote

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5
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from a single parent

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6
Q

vegetative reproduction

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of a parent

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7
Q

clones

A

individuals that descend asexually from the same parent and bear the same genotype

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8
Q

parthenogenesis

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced without fertilization
-can produce clones (no meiosis)
-can produce genetically variable offspring (full or partial meiosis)
-recently discovered in boas and pythons

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9
Q

costs of sexual reproduction

A

-sexual organs require energy and resources
-mating behaviors require time and energy

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10
Q

hermaphroditism

A

when an individual possesses both male and female gametes
-counterbalances the cost of meiosis

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11
Q

offset to sexual reproduction

A

if the male helps the female take care of offspring, reducing female energy costs

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12
Q

purging mutations

A

sexually reproducing organisms can lose deleterious mutations during meiosis
-due to random assortment, many gametes will not contain mutations

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13
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

sexual reproduction allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counter the rapid evolution of parasites
-in spite of their higher reproductive rates, asexual clones cannot persist in the face of high rates of parasitism

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14
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodites

A

individuals that possess male and female reproductive functions at the same time

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15
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

individuals that possess male or female reproductive function and then switch to the other

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16
Q

perfect flowers

A

flowers that contain both male and female sexual organs
-2/3 of plants have perfect flowers

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17
Q

monoecious

A

plants that have separate make and female flowers on the same individual

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18
Q

dioecious

A

plants that contain either only male flowers or only female flowers on a single individual

19
Q

for hermaphrodites, selfing occurs when

A

an individual’s male gametes fertilize its own female gametes
-poses a cost due to inbreeding depression

20
Q

mixed mating

A

some species are able to switch between outcrossing and selfing
-can be in response to a lack of resources

21
Q

environmental sex determination

A

a process in which sex is determined largely by the environment
-type of phenotypic plasticity, where the phenotype is sex

22
Q

temperature dependent sex determination

A

occurs when the sex of an individual is determined by the temperature at which eggs develop

23
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

when the rarer phenotype in a population is favored by natural selection

24
Q

local mate competition

A

when competition for mates occurs in a very limited area, and only a few males are required to fertilize all the females
-can cause skewed sex ratios to occur

25
Q

mating system

A

pattern of matings between males and females
-number of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship with those mates

26
Q

promiscuity

A

males mate with multiple females and females mate with multiple males and do not crease social bonds
-common among animals and outcrossing plants
MALES BENEFIT

27
Q

polygamy

A

a single individual of one sex forms long-term social bonds with more than one individual of the opposite sex

28
Q

polygyny

A

a polygamous mating system in which a male mates with more than one female
-may evolve when males compete for females or when a male can defend territory and resources

29
Q

polyandry

A

a polygamous mating system in which a female mates with more than one males
-may evolve when females reach for superior sperm or receive material benefit from each suitor (spermatophores)

30
Q

monogamy

A

when a social bond between a male and female persists through the period that is required for them to rear offspring
-favored when males make important contributions in raising offspring

31
Q

extra-pair copulation

A

when an individual that has a social bond with a mate also breeds with other individuals

32
Q

mate guarding

A

a behavior in which one partner prevents the other partner from participating in extra-pair copulations

33
Q

sexual selection

A

differential survival and reproduction due to sex-specific traits that are related to reproduction
-leads to a variety of differences between males and females

34
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

the difference in the phenotype between males and females of the same species

35
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A

traits related to fertilization
-gonads

36
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

traits related to differences between the sexes in terms of body size, ornaments, color, and courtship

37
Q

life history differences between sexes

A

body size differences between sexes are common in animals

38
Q

contests between males

A

when males compete for females, selection will favor the evolution of weapons
-antlers or leg spurs

39
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that an individual chooses a mate that possesses a superior genotype

40
Q

good health hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that an individual chooses the healthiest mates
-could be. based on genes or resources

41
Q

parasite-mediated sexual selection

A

parasites reduce host fitness, parasites alter male showiness, parasite resistance is inherited, and females choose less parasitized males

42
Q

runaway sexual selection

A

when selection for preference of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other; continues until males run out of genetic variation
-extreme traits (peacock feathers) also burden males by requiring energy and resources, and attracting predators

43
Q

the handicap principle

A

the greater the handicap an individual carries, the greater its ability must be to offset that trait

ecology (6 decks)

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