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ecology > evolution and adaptation > Flashcards

evolution and adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

molecule composed of two strands of nucleotides wound together in a double helix

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2
Q

4 nucleotides

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

compact structure containing DNA wound around proteins

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4
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein (influences traits)

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5
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms of a particular gene

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6
Q

gene pool

A

all genes/alleles in a population

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7
Q

polygenic

A

influenced by multiple genes

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8
Q

pleiotropy

A

when a single gene affects multiple traits

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9
Q

epistasis

A

when the expression of one gene is controlled by another gene

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10
Q

heterozygous

A

when an individual has two different alleles at a gene

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11
Q

homozygous

A

when an individual has two identical alleles at a gene

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12
Q

codominant

A

when two alleles both contribute to a phenotype (pink flower)

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13
Q

dominant

A

an allele that masks the expression of the other allele of a given gene (red flower)

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14
Q

recessive

A

an allele whose expression is masked by the presence of another allele (white flower)

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15
Q

random assortment

A

the process of making haploid gametes in which the combination of alleles that are placed into a given gamete could be any of those possessed by the diploid parent

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16
Q

recombination

A

the reshuffling of genes that can occur as DNA is copied during meiosis and chromosomes exchange genetic material

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17
Q

mutation

A

a random change in the sequence of nucleotides in regions of DNA that either comprise a gene or control the expression of a gene
-can be silent with no detectable effects
-can affect appearance or physiology
-can be lethal

18
Q

genetic drift

A

a process that occurs when genetic variation is lost because of random variation in mating, mortality, fecundity, and inheritance

19
Q

bottleneck effects

A

a reduction of genetic diversity in a population due to a large reduction in population size

20
Q

founder effect

A

when a small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation

21
Q

selection

A

the process by which certain phenotypes are favored to survive and reproduce over other phenotypes

22
Q

stabilizing selection

A

when individuals with intermediate phenotypes have higher survival and reproductive success than those with extreme phenotypes

23
Q

directional selection

A

when individuals with an extreme phenotype experience higher fitness than the average phenotype of the population

24
Q

disruptive selection

A

when individuals with either extreme phenotype experience higher fitness than individuals with an intermediate phenotype

25
Q

strength of selection

A

difference between the mean of the phenotypic distribution before selection and the mean after selection
-measured in units of standard deviation

26
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of the total phenotypic variation that is caused by genetic variation

27
Q

artificial selection

A

selection in which humans decide which individuals will breed and the breeding is done with a preconceived goal for the traits of the population

28
Q

natural selection

A

individuals interact with their environment, and traits that lead to greater fitness in an environment are passed on

29
Q

speciation

A

the evolution of new species

30
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

hypothesized patterns of relatedness among different ground such as populations, species, or genera
-depict which groups evolved from other groups

31
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographic isolation leads to genetic isolation

32
Q

divergence hypothesis

A

closely related species should be found on adjacent islands and sequence of branching events should correspond to island formation

33
Q

sympatric speciation

A

reproductive isolation without geographic isolation

34
Q

polyploidy

A

changes in chromosome numbers isolate populations genetically
-particularly relevant in plants

35
Q

migration

A

movement of individuals between populations

36
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles between populations via immigration/emigration

37
Q

genotype

A

set of alleles that an individual bears

38
Q

positive assortative mating

A

mating of like with like partners
-increases the proportion of homozygotes

39
Q

negative assortative mating

A

mating with unlike partners
-increases the proportion of heterozygotes in a population

40
Q

selfing

A

extreme inbreeding
-mating with oneself or an identical genotype

ecology (6 decks)

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