Reproductive strategies

Question 1

What are reproductive strategies

Answer 1

structural functional and behavioural adaptations that increase the chances of fertilization and survival of offspring

Question 2

How does the success of of reproductive strategies influence their behaviour

Answer 2

how a species utilises energy to produce and care viable offspring

Question 3

What are the 2 main types of reproduction?

Answer 3

K-type
R-type

Question 4

What is r strategy?

Answer 4

More energy is utilized in producing many offspring and little energy in parental care
Many offspring die and not reach adulthood
Sufficient numbers survive to continue to continue the species regardless.

Question 5

What is k-strategy?

Answer 5

Animals produce fewer offspring and expend enormous amounts of energy for parental care
Offspring have a better chance of surviving to adulthood
E.g lions and elephants

Question 6

Look at survivorship curves
What is type 1,2,3

Answer 6

type l : convex curve
Type II: Straightline curve
Type III: Concave curve

Question 7

Describe each type

Answer 7

type 1 :Young: high survivorship and low mortality
Old: Low survivorship and high mortality
E.g human, elephants, lions
Type 2: Steady survivorships at all ages
All individuals have the same chance of dying at any age
E.g. birds
Type 3: Young: low survivorship and high mortality
Old: High survivorship and low mortality
E.g frogs

Question 8

What are the most important reproductive strategies?

Answer 8

Courtship
Ext vs Int fertilization
ovipary
ovovivipary
vivipary
amniotic egg
parental care

Question 9

What is courtship?

Answer 9

The behavioural patterns of male and female animlas that lead to mating and ultimately offspring

Question 10

What is the purpose of courtship

Answer 10

Both sexes ready for mating
identify mating patterns same species prevent unsuccessful mating = save energy
helps choose suitable mating partner = females chooses stronger muscular types = healthy offspring

Question 11

How can courtship take place

Answer 11

visual stimuli
sound stimuli
chemical stimuli
physical movements

Question 12

Explain visual stimuli

Answer 12

example = male peacock
bright striking feathers court female
female chooses male with most impressive set of feathers
egrets are also common example
nocturnal animals like fireflies specific pattern of flashes to attract mate

Question 13

Int vs ext fertilization explain

Answer 13

Courtship successful fertilization should occur

Question 14

Explain external fertilization

Answer 14

outside female body
occurs mostly in fish and amphbians
very little cooperative behaviour required between individuals

Question 15

Internal fertilization ?

Answer 15

inside female body
occurs in insects and terretrial vertebrates
does not require water not limited to water enviro
fewer gametes produced = possibility of fertilization much greater

Question 16

Ovi,Ovo and Vivipary?

Answer 16

indicate where the embryo develops and how the embryo recieves nutririon

Question 17

what does the term ovipary mean?

Answer 17

the embryo develops in an egg outside of the females body

Question 18

What is the distinction between ovipary or the two types

Answer 18

Oviparous aquatic animals
oviparous terrestrial animals

Question 19

Explain oviparous aquatic animals

Answer 19

fertilization takes place externally in the water
developing embryo protected by jelly-like layer
large number gametes produced
egg with little yolk produced

Question 20

oviparous terrestrial animals describe

Answer 20

fertilization takes place internally
developing embryo protected by a shell that protects against dehydration
fewer gametes produced by female = less energy required
production eggs with shells and large quantity of yolk lot of energy

Question 21

What and describe ovovipary

Answer 21

internal fertilization takes place
embryo surrounded by thin membranus shell inside female body
newborn breaks through soft embryo
female produces less eggs = requires less energy
since developed internally = protected against predators and unjust temps

Question 22

What and describe vivipary

Answer 22

internal fert
develops into an egg without shell
embryo directly connected to mother as it recieves nutrients through placenta
female produces less gametes = less energy
parental care = high large energy requirement

Question 23

What is the amniotic egg

Answer 23

fish and amphibians need water for fert and dev of eggs
terrestrial land animals need complex protection systems on land
amniotic egg adapted to life on land
after fert embryos enclosed in egg with hard shells
egg prevents dehydration of embryo + provides nutrients water and oxygen waste products removed

Question 24

describe parentak care

Answer 24

any behav. pattern where parents spend time and or energy on feeding and protection of offspring
more energy spent prenatal = less energy psotnatal visa versa

Question 25

examples of parental care

Answer 25

guarding of eggs
incubation of eggs
keeping young warm
feeding the young
protection from predators