Reproductive & Sexual Health - Taty Flashcards
1
Q
Reproductive development and change begin at the moment of ______ and continue throughout
A
Conception
2
Q
Sex of individual is determined by _____________ information supplied by particular ______ and sperm that join to create new life
A
Chromosome
3
Q
Approximately week ____ of intrauterine life, primitive gonadal tissue is formed
A
Week 5
4
Q
By week _____ or ___ in chromosomal males, this early gonadal tissue differentiates into primitive testes and begins formation of tertosterone
A
Week 7-8
5
Q
Organs that makes gametes
A
Gonad
6
Q
Gonads in males
A
Teste
7
Q
Gonads in females
A
Ovaries
8
Q
Gametes are _______ germ cells
A
Haploid
9
Q
Gametes examples
A
Spermatozoon and egg cells
10
Q
As early as week ______ oocytes are already formed in ovaries
A
Week 10
11
Q
Week _____ : influence of __________ penile tissue elongates and urogenital fold on the ventral surface of the penis closes to form urethra
A
12 : testosterone
12
Q
Week 12 : no testosterone urogenital folds remain open to form __________
A
Labia Minora
13
Q
What would be formed as scrotal tissue in the male becomes the labia _______ in the female
A
Mijora
14
Q
____________ development: Secondary sex changes begin
A
Pubertal
15
Q
Secondary sex changes when stimulated by ___________ synthesizes and releases gonadotropin- releasing hormone ~> triggers Anterior pituitary ~> release _____________
A
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing hormone
16
Q
Initiate the production of androgen and estrogen ~> initiate secondary sex characteristics , visible signs of maturity
A
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
17
Q
Gonadotropin, glycoprotein polypeptide hormone
A
Follicle stimulating hormone
18
Q
Synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropic cells of Anterior pituitary gland , regulates the development, growth , Pubertal Maturation, reproductive process
A
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
19
Q
Work together in Reproductive System
A
FSH
LH
20
Q
Made by pituitary gland, small gland located underneath the brain
A
Luteinizing hormone
21
Q
Plays an important role in sexual development and functioning
A
Luteinizing hormone
22
Q
Small gland located underneath the brain
A
Pituitary gland
23
Q
Helps control menstrual cycle
A
Luteinizing hormone
24
Q
Triggers release of an egg from ovary
A
Luteinizing hormone
25
Hormones responsible for
1. muscular development
2. physical growth
3. increase in sebaceous gland secretions that causes typical acne in both girls boys
Androgen
26
In males, Androgenic hormones produced by
1. Adrenal Cortex and the
| 2. Testes
27
In females, androgenic hormones are produced by
1. Adrenal cortex
| 2. Ovaries
28
Androgen are low in males until ________
Puberty (12-14)
29
Development of pubic and axillary hair because of androgen stimulation
ADRENARCHE
30
Puberty, ovarian follicles in Females begin to excrete a high level of the hormone _____________
Estrogen
31
Three compounds of estrogen: single substance in terms of action
Estrone
Estradiol
Estriol
32
Increase in Estrogen in females at puberty influences the development of
1. Uterus
2. Fallopian tube
3. Vagina
4. Typical fat distribution, hair patterns
5. Breast
33
Beggining of breast development is termed
THELARCHE
34
7 Secondary sex charct... for females
1. Growth spurt
2. Increase in transverse diameter of pelvis
3. Breast development
4. Growth of pubic hair
5. Onset of mesntruation
6. Growth of axillary hair
7. Vaginal secretions
35
In boys, production of spermatozoa begin in intrauterine life as production of ova in girls and or produced in cyclic pattern
FALSE
36
In boys, production of spermatozoa are produced in
Continuous process
37
Secondary sex characteristics in boys
1. Increase in weight
2. Growth of testes
3. Face, axillary, pubic area
4. Voice changes
5. Penile growth
6. Increase in height
7. Spermatogenesis
38
Production of sperm
Spermatogenesis
39
Rugated skin covered , muscular pouch suspended from the perineum
Scrotum
40
Support testes and to help regulate the temperature of sperm
Scrotum
41
Cold weather scrotal muscle __________
Contracts
42
Very hot weather , fever, the muscle __________
Relaxes
43
2 ovoid glands, 2-3 cm Wide that lie in scrotum
Testes
44
Composed of several lobules containing
1. Interstitial cells ( leydig cells
2. Seminiferous tubule
Testes
45
Produce spermatozoa
Seminiferous tubules
46
Responsible for the production of testosterone
Leydig’s cells
47
Testes in a fetus first form in
Pelvic cavity
48
Testes descend late in intrauterine life about _______, into scrotal sac
34 - 38th week
49
Testes that remain in pelvic cavity may not produce viable sperm and are associated with a 4-7 times higher incidence of testicular cancer
TRUE
50
Causes pituitary gland in brain to make and secrete hormones LH and FSH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
51
In men Lh and Fsh causes the testicle to make testosterone
True
52
Lh and FSH causes ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone
True
53
Beginning in ________ ___________ , boys need to learn ______ ____ _____ to detect tenderness or any abnormal growth in the testes
Early, Adolescence ——- Testicular Self Examination
54
Tube that carries away sperm from testes
| Palpated as a firm swelling on the superior aspect of testes
Epididymis
55
Composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the penis shaft
Penis
56
Two termed the
Corpus cavernosa
57
Third termed the
Corpus spongiosum
58
Outlrt for both urinary and reproductive tracts in men
Penis
59
Contracts trapping both Venous and arterial blood in three sections of erectile tissue and leading to distention and erection of penis
Ischeocavernosus muscle
60
A branch of pudendal artery, provides the blood supply for penis
Penile artery
61
Penile erection is stimulated by
Parasympathetic nerve innervation
62
Distal end of penis bulging, sensitive ridge of tisssue
Glans
63
Retractable casing of skin, protects the nerve sensitive glans at birth
Prepuce
64
Tightly coiled tube which is responsible for conducting sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens, the next step in the passage to outside
Epididymis
65
Epididymis is _____ ft long
20
66
It takes at least __________days for them to travel the length of epididymis and a total of _______days form them to reach maturity
12 to 20 days - 64
67
Carries sperm from epididymis through inguinal canal into abdominal cavity, where it nds at seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts
Vas Deferens ( ductus d.)
68
Severing vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm, popular means of male birth control
Vasectomy
69
Two convoluted pouches lie along the posterior surface of bladder and empty into urethra by way of ejaculatory ducts
Seminal vesicles
70
These glands secrete a viscous alkaline liquid that has a high sugar, protein and prostaglandin content
Seminal vesicles
71
The _______ pass through the prostate gland and join seminal vesicles to the urethra
Two ejaculatory ducts
72
Chestnut sized gland that lies just below the bladder
Prostate gland
73
Urethra passes thru the center of it like hole in a doughnut
| Secretes thin alkalibe fluid
Prostate gland
74
Protects sperm from being immobilized by the naturally low ph level of urethra
Alkaline fluid
75
Glands lie beside the prostate gland and empty via short ducts into the urethra
Bulbourethral glands
76
Secrete alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid secretion of the urethra and ensure the safe passage of spermatozoa
Bulbourethral glands
77
Hollow tube leading to the base of bladder, after passing thru prostate gland , continues to outside thru shaft and glans
Lined w mucous membrane
Urethra
78
Approximately urethra in males is in
8inch (18-20cm)
79
Pad of adipose tissue located over symphysis pubis ,
| Covered by triangle of coarse, curly hair
Mons veneris
80
Protect junction of pubic bone from trauma
Mons veneris
81
Hairless folds of connective tissue
Labia minora
82
Before _________these folds are fairly small
By_________ age they are firm and full
After menopause they atrophy and again become much smaller
Labia minora:
Menarche
childbearing
83
Abundant with sebaceous glands so localized sebaceous cys may occur in this area
Labia minora
84
Two folds of adipose tissue covered by loose connective tissue and epithelium that are positioned lateral to the labia minora
Labia majora
85
Covered by pubic hair , serve as protection for external genitalia and distal urethra and vagina
Labia majora
86
Fused anteriorly but separated Posteriorly
Labia majora
87
Trauma to labia majora or the area from childbirth rape can lead to
Extensive edema formation
88
Flattened, smooth surface inside the labia
| Openings to bladder, urethra both arise from the ______
Vestibule
89
Small 1-2cm , rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora. Covered by fold os skin, prepuce
Clitoris
90
Sensitive to touch and temperature and is the center of sexual arousal and orgasm in a woman
Clitoris
91
Glands located just lateral to urinary meatus , their ducts open in urethra
2 skene’s glands. (Paraurethral)
92
Located just lateral to vaginal opening on both sides, their ducts open to the distal vagina
Bartholin’s glands ( vulvovaginal glands)
93
Is the ridge of tissue formef by the posterior joining of two labia minora and majora
Fourchette
94
Structure is sometimes cut during childbirth to enlarge vaginal opening
Episiotomy: Fourchette
95
This is a muscular area , it is easily stretched during childbirth to allow for englargement of the vagina and passage of fetal hesd
Perineal muscle or perineal body
96
Tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers the opening to the vagina in childhood
Hymen
97
Often torn during time of first sexual intercourse
Hymen
98
Use of tampons and active sports participantion , many girls who have not had sexual relations do not have intact hymen at the time of their first pelvic examination
True
99
Blood supply of the external genitalia is mainly from the________ and a portion of the interior rectus artery.
pudendal artery
100
Venous return is through
Pudendal vein
101
Pressure on this vein by fetal head can cause extensive back-pressure and development of Varicosities in labia majora
Pudendal vein
102
This ready blood supply also contributes to rapid healing any tears in area after childbirth
Vulvar blood supply
103
Anterior portion of the vulva derives its nerve supply from
Ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves
104
Posterior portion of vulva and vagina are supplied by the ———
Makes the area extremely sensitive to touch, pressure pain and temperature
Pudendal nerve (s3)
105
Ovaries are approximately ______cm long and _____cm in diameter and approximately ________ cm thick or size shape of almonds
4-2 —-1.5cm
106
Grayish white and appear pitted, or with minute indentation on the surface
Ovaries
107
Unruptured glistening clear fluid filled graafian follicle
| Or miniature yellow corpus luteum often observed here
Ovary
108
To produce , mature, and discharge ova. In the process ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone nand initiate and regulate menstrual cycle
Ovaries
109
Before puberty: absence of _______ prevents breast from maturing
Pubic hair Asssumes a more male pattern
Estrogen
110
After menopause: uterus, breast, ovaries all under go ______ in size ,cause lack of estrogen.
atrophy or reduction
111
Used to prescribe for women at menopause to help prevent osteoporosis and cardio disease
Estrogen
112
Long term estrogen supplementation may contribute to
Breast cancer and cerebrovascular accidents
113
________ have only half the usual number of chromosomes so that when they combine normal number will have 46 chromosomes
Reproductive cels
114
Between _________ ova form in uteri
Maturation of oocytes by birth only __________ are present
Age 7 only approximately ________ are present in each ovary
By 22 years approximately _______
Menopause non left
```
5-7 million
2 million
500,000 thousand in each
300,000
None
```
115
Arise from each upper corner of the uterine body and extend outward and backward untill each open at itsdistal end next to ovary
Fallopian tube
116
Approximately fallopian tube is _____ cm long in a mature woman
10
117
Convey the ovum frpm the ovaries to uterus and provide a place for fertilization of ovum by sperm
Fallopian tubes
118
Finger like ciliated projection captures the ovum from the surface of ovary
Fimbriae
119
Funnel shape opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached
Infundibulum
120
Widest section of uterine tubes. Fertilization usually occur
Ampulla
121
Narrow section of the uterine tube connecting ampulla to uterine cavity
Isthmus
122
Unruptured glistening clear fluid filled
graafian follicle
123
miniature yellow ____________ ____________ often observed in ovaries after ovum has been discharged
Corpus luteum
124
During childhood, it is approximately the size of an olive, and its proportion are reversed from what they are later
Uterus
125
________years of age is an increase in the size of the uterus begins. An adolescent is closer to 17 years old before the uterus reaches its adult size.
8 years old
126
Uterus Consists of three divisions:
Body or Corpus, Isthmus, and the Cervix.
127
The portion of the uterus between the points of attachments
| of the fallopian tubes.
Fundus
128
is also the portion that can be palpated abdominally to
| determine the amount of uterine growth occurring during pregnancy
Fundus
129
Part of uterus Used to measure the force of uterine contractions during labor, and to assess that the uterus is returning to its nonpregnant state after childbirth.
Fundus
130
is a short segment between the body and the cervix,
| In the nonpregnant uterus, it is only 1-2 mm in length.
Isthmus
131
During ____________, this portion also enlarges greatly to aid in accommodating the growing fetus.
It is the portion of the uterus that is most commonly cut when a fetus is born by a cesarean birth.
Isthmus
132
The lowest portion of the uterus. It represents approximately 2 to 5 cm long.
Cervix
133
opening of the canal at the junction of the cervix and
| isthmus
internal cervical os
134
Cervix: distal opening to the vagina is the
external cervical os.
135
is the one that is important for menstrual function.
: sloughs off during menstruation.
Endometrium Layer
136
Endometrium Layer
| - It is formed by two layers of cells:
Basal Layer
| Inner Glandular Layer
137
the layer closest to the uterine wall, remains stable, and uninfluenced by hormones.
Basal layer
138
is greatly influenced by both estrogen and progesterone.
- It grows and becomes so thick and responsive each month under the influence of estrogen and progesterone that it is capable of
supporting a pregnancy.
Inner Glandular Layer
139
Continuous with the endometrium, is also affected by hormones,
but changes are manifested in a more subtle way.
Endocervix
140
The cells of the ____________ secrete mucus to provide a lubricated surface so that spermatozoa can readily pass through the cervix
Cervical lining
141
is composed of three interwoven layers of smooth muscles, the fibers of which are arranged in longitudinal, transverse, and oblique directions.
Myometrium
142
What layer of uterine and cervical : This network offers extreme strength to the organ.
Myometrium
143
The_____________ serves the important function of constricting the tubal junctions and preventing regurgitation of menstrual blood
into the tubes.
myometrium
144
It also holds the internal cervical os closed during pregnancy to
prevent preterm birth.
Myometrium
145
Myomas, or benign fibroid (leiomyoma), arise from the___________.
Myometrium
146
The outermost layer off the uterus, serves the purpose of adding strength and support to the structure.
Perimetrium
147
UTERINE AND CERVICAL COATS
Endometrum layer
Endocervix
Myometrium
Perimetrium
148
The ____________________divides to form two iliac arteries;
large descending abdominal aorta
149
joins the uterine artery as a fail-safe system to ensure that the uterus will have an adequate blood supply.
Ovarian artery
150
close anatomic relationship of the_______________________ for the uterus has implications in procedures such as
1. tubal ligation
2. cesarean birth,
3. hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
ureters and the blood supply
151
(removal of the uterus),
hysterectomy
152
by both efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) nerves.
Uterus
153
efferent nerves arise from the__________ spinal ganglia.
T5-T10
154
afferent nerves join the hypogastric plexus and enter the spinal
column at
T11 and T12.
155
If its ligaments become overstretched during pregnancy, they may not support the bladder well afterward, and the bladder can then herniate into anterior vagina
cystocele
156
the rectum pouches into the vaginal wall
rectocele
157
oddly shaped “horns” at the junction of the fallopian tubes, termed a
bicornuate uterus.
158
condition in which the entire uterus is tipped forward
Anteversion
159
a condition in which the entire uterus is tipped backward
Retroversion
160
a condition in which the body of the uterus is bent sharply
| forward at the junction with the cervix
Anteflexion
161
condition in which the body of the uterus is bent sharply back just above the cervix’
Retroflexion
162
A hollow, musculomembranous canal located posterior to the bladder and
anterior to the rectum.
Vagina
163
circular muscle, the_________, at the external opening of the vagina acts as a voluntary sphincter
BULBOCAVERNOSUS
164
Relaxing and tensing this external vaginal sphincter muscle a set number of times each day makes it more supple for birth and helps maintain tone after birth
Kegel’s exercise
165
The blood supply to the vagina is furnished by the __________ , a branch of the internal iliac artery
Vaginal artery
166
Form from the ectodermic tissue early in utero.
Breasts
167
The_________ tissue of the breasts necessary for successful
| breastfeeding, remains undeveloped until a first pregnancy begins.
Glandular
168
Boys may notice a temporary increase in breast size at puberty, termed
GYNECOMASTIA (10-11 years old).
169
Milk glands of the breasts are divided by connective tissue partitions into approximately__________
20 lobes
170
Ilk glands: All of the glands in each lobe produce milk by
| _______________and deliver it to the nipple via_____________________
acinar cells
lactiferous ducts.
171
A________ is composed of smooth muscle that is capable of erection on manual or sucking stimulation.
Nipple
172
Nipple: On stimulation, it transmits sensations to the________________ to release oxytocin.
Posterior pituitary gland
173
___________acts to constrict milk gland cells and push milk forward the ducts that lead to the nipple.
Oxytocin
174
The blood supply to the breasts is profuse because it is supplied by :
thoracic branches of the axillary, internal mammary
| intercostal arteries.
175
is episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes.
Menstruation
176
The purpose of a _____________is to bring an ovum to maturity and renew a uterine tissue bed that will be responsible for the ova’s growth should be fertilized.
menstrual cycle
177
is the process that allows for conception and implantation of a new life.
Menstruation
178
It is good to include health teaching information on menstruation to both school age children and their children and their parents as early as ___________as part of routine care.
4th grade
179
The length of menstrual cycles differs from woman to woman, but the average length is__________
28 days
180
The length of the average menstrual flow is ___________days,
| although women may have periods as short as _______days or as long as _____days.
4-6
2
7
181
FOUR BODY STRUCTURES INVOLVED in menstruation
1. The hypothalamus
2. The pituitary gland
3. The ovaries
4. The uterus
182
its cells produce a clear fluid ___________that contains a high degree of estrogen (mainly estradiol) and some progesterone.
follicle fluid
183
At full maturity, it is visible on the surface of the ovary as a clear water blister approximately 0.25 to 0.5 inches across.
Follicle
184
At this stage of maturation, the small ovum , with its surrounding follicle membrane and fluid, is termed
Graafian follicle.
185
Ovum:
___________, which contains the bulk of the cytoplasm,
___________, which contains so little cytoplasm that is not functional.
primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
186
The ovum is set free from the surface of the ovary, a process termed__________. It is swept into the open end of a fallopian tube.
OVULATION
187
corpus luteum remains throughout the major portion of the pregnancy
16-20 weeks
188
unfertilized ovum atrophies after______
4-5 days
189
If Unfertilized ovum : the corpus luteum remains for only_________
8-10 days
190
corpus luteum regresses, it is gradually replaced by white fibrous tissue, and the resulting structure is termed a
corpus albicans
191
The endometrium, or lining of the uterus, is very thin, approximately one cell layer in depth.
PROLIFERATIVE
192
The capillaries of the endometrium increase in amount until the lining takes on the appearance of rich, spongy velvet.
Secretory
193
The capillaries rupture, with minute hemorrhages, and the endometrium
sloughs off.
Ischemic
194
Blood from the ruptured capillaries.
- Mucin from the glans
- Fragments of endometrial tissue
- The microscopic, atrophied, and unfertilized ovum
Menses
195
menstrual flow contains only approximately_________ mL of blood
30 to 80 mL
196
iron loss in a typical menstrual flow is approximately
11 mg.
197
Cervical mucus can be examined at midcycle to detect, which suggests a high estrogen surge, is present.
Fern test
198
can be tested in an examining room by smearing a cervical mucus specimen on a slide and stretching the mucus between the slide and coverslip.
Spinnbarkeit test
199
abnormally heavy menstrual flows
Menorrhagia
200
bleeding in between menstrual periods
| - menstrual migraines, and premenstrual dysphoric syndrome
Metrorrhagia
201
is a term used to denote the period during which menopausal changes occur.
Perimenopausal
202
describes the time of life following final menses
Postmenopausal
203
multidimensional phenomenon that includes feelings, attitudes, and actions. has both biologic and cultural components.
Sexuality
204
is the term used to denote a person’s chromosomal sex: male (XY) or female (XX).
BIOLOGIC GENDER
205
is the inner sense a person has of being male or female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender.
GENDER IDENTITY OR SEXUAL IDENTITY
206
is the male or female behavior a person exhibits, which, again, may or may not be the same as biologic gender or gender identity.
GENDER ROLE
207
the process of determining the sex of a person or other organism, especially in difficult cases where special tests are necessary
Sex typing
208
Boys demonstrate more innate aggression, even at this early stage, than do
girls.
INFANCY
209
By age 3 or 4 years, they can say what sex they are, and they have absorbed cultural expectations of that sex role.
PRESCHOOL PERIOD
210
Often, boys will play rough-and-tumble games with other boys, and girls will play more quietly, although the two frequently mix at this age.
PRESCHOOL PERIOD
211
Social contacts between the child and significant adults contribute to sexual identification
PRESCHOOL PERIOD
212
A positive self-concept grows from parental love, effective relationships with others, success in play activities, and gaining skills and self-control.
PRESCHOOL PERIOD
213
The boy shows signs of competing with his father for his mother’s love and attention; the preschool girl competes with her mother for her father’s attention and love.
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
