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LCRS Y2: Reproduction, development and Ageing > Reproductive physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which neural pathway is dominant in the neuroendocrine control of reward and pleasure?

A

Mesolimbic dopaminergic

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2
Q

Which neural pathway is dominant in the neuroendocrine control of movement?

A

nigrostriatal tract

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3
Q

What is the dominant neural region involved in erection?

A

Limbic system

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4
Q

Recall the sequence of neuroendocrine events that lead to erection

A

PNS acts on SMCs of pudendal artery
NO increased
cGMP increased
Blood flow in corpus cavernosum increased

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5
Q

Recall the mechanism of action of viagra

A

Inhibits phosphodiesterase - a de-activator of cGMP

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6
Q

What is the functional equivalent of the penis in females?

A

Clitoris

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7
Q

Recall the main components of the testes

A

Seminiferous tubules

Leydig cells

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8
Q

What is the function and location of the epididymis?

A

One within each scrotal sac

sperm storage

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9
Q

Recall the points at which fluid enters the ejaculate along the vas deferens

A
  1. Epidydmis (sperm)
  2. seminal vesicles
  3. Prostate gland
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10
Q

What cells are found within the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells

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11
Q

What cells are responsible for testosterone production and what is their stimulant?

A

Leydig cells

LH

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12
Q

What cells are responsible for spermatogenesis and what is their stimulant?

A

Sertoli cells

FSH

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13
Q

Where is inhibin produced, and upon which hormone does it negatively feedback?

A 
Seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells)
GnRH
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14
Q

Why are gonadotropins released in a pulsatile fashion?

A

Testosterone negatively feeds back on LH, so as one rises the other falls

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15
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?

A

Provide nutritional and hormonal support

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16
Q

Recall the precursor cells leading to the production of a sperm cell, and at which point they become haploid

A 
Spermatogonium
Primary spermocyte
Secondary spermocyte (haploid)
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
Sperm
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17
Q

At what point in the male lifespan are germ cells present?

A

Always - sperm production continues throughout life

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18
Q

Recall 3 key structures in the fallopian tube?

A

Ampulla
Isthmus
Fimbriae

19
Q

Recall the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Mesometrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

20
Q

By what part of the broad ligament is the ovary suspended?

A

Mesovarium

21
Q

What is the name given to the primordial germ cell destined to become an egg cell?

A

Oogonium

22
Q

At what point in the female lifespan are germ cells present?

A

By birth they have all developed into at least the oogonium stage - no germ cells present after birth

23
Q

Recall the precursor cells leading to the production of an egg cell

A

Oogonium
Primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
Graafian follicle continues to grow –> antral follicle
Does not complete meiosis 2 until fertilisation

24
Q

Recall the cells that respond to LH and FSH in the female reproductive system and each of their functions

A

FSH - Granulosa cells: stimulate conversion of androstenedione to oestrone using aromatases
LH - Thecal cells: stimulate androgen synthesis

25
Q

Recall the phases of the ovarian cycle and their length

A

Follicular (14 days)

Luteal (14 days)

26
Q

What is the function of the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

17-beta-oestradiol production

Produced by thecal and granulosa cells

27
Q

What is the function of the luteal stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Production of E2 and progesterone by corpus luteum

28
Q

How is ovulation stimulated

A

E2 surge –> LH surge

LH triggers ovulation

29
Q

Recall the approximate change in basal body temperature at ovulation

A

+0.5 degrees celcius

30
Q

What is the normal range of the menstrual cycle?

A

21-35 days

31
Q

What name is given to a girl’s first period?

A

Menarche

32
Q

Recall the changes in oestrogen feedback on the adenohypophysis throughout the menstrual cycle

A

At low levels = neg feedback

At high levels = positive feedback

33
Q

Recall the phases of the endometrial cycle and their lengths

A

Menstrual (5 days)
Proliferative (9 days)
Secretory (13 days)

34
Q

What is the function of the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Produce nutrients and other factors

35
Q

How is ovulation coordinated between the ovaries?

A

Alternate release of follicle between 2 ovaries so that there is 56 days between release of each secondary oocyte

36
Q

When do follicles undergo their first meiotic division? By what are they stimulated

A

Initiated in embryonic development
Completed at puberty to produce secondary follicles
Linked to LH surge

37
Q

Around how many follicles will be ovulated in a woman’s full lifetime?

A

400

38
Q

When a follicle is ovulated, in what stage of meiosis is it halted?

A

Metaphase 2 of meiosis

39
Q

How long does it take for a primordial follicle to develop into a secondary oocyte?

A

Just over a month

40
Q

Why are sperm most likely to be able to enter the uterus mid-cycle?

A

Cervical mucus is usually hostile to sperm, changes mid-cycle to permit sperm entry

41
Q

What does sperm bind to on the secondary oocyte surface?

A

ZP3 glycoprotein

42
Q

Recall the events following sperm binding to a secondary oocyte that lead to fertilisation

A

Calcium influx
Meiosis II resumed
Sperm releases hyaluronidase
Penetrates ovum
Zona pellucida hardens to prevent further sperm entry
Female pronucleus produced along with 2nd polar body

43
Q

When do the maternal and paternal pronuclei first fuse in the fertilised egg?

A

First mitotic division

44
Q

What must happen in order for maternal and paternal pronuclei to fuse?

A

Decondensation of nuclear material

LCRS Y2: Reproduction, development and Ageing (8 decks)

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