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Medical Physiology > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the mature gonads?

A

male testes

female ovaries

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2
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

production of gametes (sperm and ova)

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3
Q

what are the sex hormones?

A

male - testosterone

female - estrogen and progesterone

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4
Q

what is the reproductive tract?

A

system of specialized ducts that transport or house gametes after they are produced

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5
Q

what are the accessory sex glands?

A

empty supportive secretions into reproductive tract (incl. breasts)

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6
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

external characteristics not directly involved in reproduction that distinguish male and female (body shape, hair, etc)

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7
Q

what is the function of the male reproductive tract?

A

production and delivery of sperm to female

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8
Q

what is the function of the testes?

A

produce sperm

located in scrotum

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9
Q

what are the male accessory glands? what is their function?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbo-urethral glands
fcn: provide bulk of semen

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10
Q

what is the function of the penis?

A

deposit sperm into the female

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11
Q

what are structures of the male reproductive tract?

A

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory tract

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12
Q

what is the function of the female reproductive tract? (4pts)

A

1) production of ova (oogenesis)
2) reception of sperm
3) transport of sperm and ovum to fertilization site to produce an embryo and resulting pregnancy
4) partuition and lactation

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13
Q

what is the function of the oviduct?

A

pick up ova at ovulation and fertilization site

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14
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A

to slowly murder women from the inside out

maintain fetus during pregnancy and expelling fetus

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15
Q

what is the function of the vagina?

A

connects uterus to the outside world

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16
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

lower portion serving as a pathway for sperm and delivery of baby from uterus

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17
Q

what is the hymen?

A

thin mucus membrane that is disrupted after first sexy time

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18
Q

what are the labia minora/majora?

A

skin folds around openings

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19
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

located in the anterior labia minora

for sexual satisfaction only

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20
Q

what are the 3 components of the vulva?

A

labia minora
labia majora
clitoris

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21
Q

what are the reproductive cells?

A

haploid cells created by meiosis

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22
Q

what are the two sex chromosomes? what pair indicates female and male?

A

X chromosome and Y chromosome

female: XX
male: XY

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23
Q

what is the end result for gametogenesis?

A

production of 4 daughter cells with half a set of genetic information

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24
Q

what is the main contributor to genetic diversity?

A

over 8 million chromosome combos are possible also due to crossing over of genes

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25
Q

what are the 3 levels of sexual differentiation?

A

genetic
gonadal
phenotypic

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26
Q

what is genetic sexual differentiation?

A

depends on combo of sex chromosomes at conception

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27
Q

what is gonadal sexual differentiation?

A

do they have testes are ovaries

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28
Q

what is phenotypic sexual differentiation?

A

anatomical sex determined by gonads

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29
Q

when does gonadal specificity appear in pregnancy?

A

7th week

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30
Q

what causes the gonadal tissue to turn into testes?

A

sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY)

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31
Q

what does the external genitalia of a fetus consist of before sexual differentiation?

A

genital tubercle
paired urethral folds surrounding urethral groove
genital (labioscrotal) swellings

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32
Q

what does the genital tubercle develop into?

A

penis glans or clitoris

33
Q

what do the paired urethral folds develop into?

A

labia minora

34
Q

what do the genital (labioscrotal) swellings develop into?

A

scrotum or labia majora

35
Q

what determines the development of the male or female reproductive tract?

A

presence or absence of testosterone and Mullerian-inhibiting factor (secreted by testes)

36
Q

what happens if there is an absence of testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting factor?

A

mullerian ducts develop (wolffian ducts degenerate) and female reproductive system/external genitalia (including the labia and clitoris) start to develop

37
Q

when do the testes descend to the scrotum by?

A

the 7th month of gestation

38
Q

what type of cell in the testes produces the sperm?

A

leydig cells

39
Q

where are the leydig cells located?

A

in connective tissue between seminiferous tubules

40
Q

what is testosterone derived from?

A

cholesterol

41
Q

what are the 5 categories of testosterone effects?

A

1) reproductive system before birth
2) sex-specific tissues after birth
3) other reproductive related effects
4) secondary sexual characteristics
5) non-reproductive actions

42
Q

what effects does testosterone have on the reproductive system before birth?

A

masculinize male reproductive tract and external genitalia

promote testes descent to scrotum

43
Q

what effects does testosterone have on sex-specfic tissues after birth?

A

promote growth and maturation of reproductive system at puberty
spermatogenesis

44
Q

what other reproductive-related effects does testosterone have?

A

develop sex drive at puberty

control gonadotropin hormone secretion

45
Q

what effects does testosterone have on secondary sexual characteristics?

A

male hair growth pattern
thicken vocal cords to deepen voice
promote muscle growth

46
Q

what effects does testosterone have on non-reproductive actions?

A

exert protein anabolic effect
promote bone growth at puberty
close epiphyseal plates after being converted to estrogen by aromatose
may induce aggressive behaviour

47
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

creation of specialized, mobile sperm

48
Q

what is the difference between spermatogonia and spermatozoa?

A

spermatogonia is diploid and divides by meiosis into spermatozoa, which is haploid

49
Q

what are the 3 major stages of spermatogenesis?

A

1) mitotic proliferation
2) meiosis
c) packaging

50
Q

what occurs during the mitotic proliferation stage of spermatogenesis?

A

production of 4 identical primary spermatocytes

51
Q

what occurs during the meiosis stage of spermatogenesis?

A

1 primary spermatocyte is converted to 2 secondary spermatocytes (first meiotic division) which become 4 spermatids via second meiotic division
total: 16 spermatids per 1 spermatogonium

52
Q

what occurs during the packaging stage of spermatogenesis?

A

spermiogenesis

53
Q

what cell supports and nourishes the spermatozoan? where is it located?

A

sertoli cells

in seminiferous tubules

54
Q

what are the 4 components of a spermatozoan?

A

head
acrosome
midpiece
tail

55
Q

what is the sperm head?

A

primarily DNA containing nucleus

56
Q

what is the acrosome? what is it formed from?

A

enzyme filled vesicle that caps off the tip of the head

formed by ER and golgi complex

57
Q

what is the function of the acrosome?

A

used to penetrate ovum via enzymes

58
Q

what is the midpiece of the sperm?

A

where mitochondria are concentrated to provide sperm energy

59
Q

what is the function of the sperm tail?

A

provides mobility

60
Q

What are the functions of sertoli cells? (5pts)

A

1) form blood-testes barrier
2) provide nourishment
3) secrete seminiferous tubule fluid which flushes released sperm from tubule into epididymis for storage and additional processing
4) secrete androgen-binding protein
5) site of action to control spermatogenesis

61
Q

how do the sertoli cells control spermatogenesis?

A

release inhibin which acts in negative feedback fashion to regulate FSH secretion

62
Q

what is the function of the epididymis and vas deferens?

A

store and concentrate sperm

increase sperm mobility and fertility prior to ejaculation

63
Q

what is ejaculation?

A

semen containing sperm is expelled from the tip of the penis

64
Q

what is secreted by the seminal vesicles that is found in semen?

A

prostaglandins

fibrinogen

65
Q

what is the function of prostaglandins in the semen?

A

enhance sperm transport (promote smooth muscle motility in males and females)

66
Q

what is the function of the prostate gland?

A

contributes alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions and provides clotting enzymes/fibrinolysin

67
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

release lubricating mucus

68
Q

what are the two hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that control sexual characteristics?

A 
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
69
Q

what is the function of LH? which cells does it act on?

A

controls testosterone levels

acts on the Leydig cells

70
Q

what stimulates LH and FSH secretion?

A

GnRH from hypothalamus

71
Q

what cells does FSH act on?

A

Sertoli cells

72
Q

what is the feedback loop involving LH, FSH, testosterone, and GnRH?

A

testosterone decreases GnRH release, leading to decreased LH and FSH

73
Q

what are the 4 phases of coitus?

A

excitment phase
plateau phase
orgasmic phase
resolution phase

74
Q

what happens during the excitement phase?

A

erection

heightened sexual awareness

75
Q

what happens during the plateau phase?

A

increased HR, BP, respiratory rate, and muscle tension

76
Q

what happens during the orgasmic phase (males)?

A

ejaculation and intense physical pleasure

77
Q

what occurs during the resolution phase (males)?

A

return to prearousal state

78
Q

what is different about the orgasmic phase for females?

A

no ejaculation

do not become refractory afterwards (as in can have another orgasmic phase)

79
Q

what is different about the resolution phase for females?

A

pelvic vasocongestion and systemic manifestations gradually subside

Medical Physiology (15 decks)

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