Homeostasis and Heart Failure Flashcards
What is the function of the heart and blood?
move O2, electrolytes, and hormones to meet metabolic needs
removes wastes from oxidation (CO2, etc)
what is heart failure (HF)?
the heart is unable to contract optimally to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet requirements of metabolic organs
what are some symptoms of HF?
breathlessness
fatigue
pitting edema
hepatomegaly
what causes breathlessness in HF?
blood backing up into pulmonary veins
indicates left sided HF
what is a heart attack?
myocardial infarction (MI) (loss of heart muscle due to stoppage of blood flow)
what are some risk factors of MI becoming HF? (8pts)
genetics gender smoking diet personality (Type A) stress social stratum alcoholism
what are some causes of a heart attack? (6pts)
essential hypertension diabetes idiopathic primary cardiomyopathy viral heart infection cardiac valve disease associated abnormalities
what 3 components make up the cardiovascular (CV) system?
heart
blood vessels
blood
how does pressure affect blood movement?
blood moves from area of high pressure (LV) to an area of low pressure (capillary beds)
what is the function of the blood vessels?
delivery mechanisms for blood
what are the 2 separate loops of the circulatory system?
pulmonary - heart and lungs
systemic - heart and peripheral organs
do the left and right sides of the heart pump out the same amount of blood per beat? what is the difference between them in terms of pressure?
yes
left side has a lot higher pressure
what is the septum? what is its function?
separates left and right ventricle
prevents mixing of oxy and deoxy blood and contributes to cardiac pump function
outline the pathway blood would take to complete one cycle of the CV system starting with the IVC/SVC. indicate when the blood is deoxy or oxy.
IVC + SVC (deoxy) RA RV pulmonary artery lung (gas exchange) pulm vein (oxy) LA LV aorta arteries capillaries (gas exchange) veins (deoxy) IVC and SVC
what are the two main sets of valves in the heart?
AV valves
semilunar valves
what is the function of the AV valves?
prevent blood from going in atria when they contract
how do the AV valves stay closed during contraction?
increased ventricular pressure keep em closed
anchored by chordae tendinae
what are the two different AV valves?
Right AV = tricuspid
Left AV = mitral
what is the function of the semilunar valves?
govern blood flow where major arteries leave the ventricles
are the semilunar valves muscular?
no
passively open and close
what are the two different semilunar valves?
Left = aortic valve Right = pulmonary valve
what is the heart composed of?
spirally arranged cardiac myocytes that form an electrical synctium
what are intercalated discs?
junctions that connect myocytes
what are two structural components found throughout the cardiac ultrastructure?
gap junctions (low resistance regions) desmosomes (structural anchoring)
what are the three layers of the heart?
endocardium (endothelial tissue)
myocardium (muscle)
epicardium (thin external membrane)
how do electrical signals work in the heart?
electrical signals spread from cell to cell as one
Atria and ventricles are electrically isolated via non-conductive fibrous skeleton, but share specialized connections or “wirings”
what is special about cardiac myocytes?
they possess a lot of mitochondria
no new heart cells generated after birth, they only increase in cell size
what is the pericardial sac and pericardial fluid?
sac - holds heart in place
fluid - reduces friction
