Reproductive Phys Flashcards
Gonads produce
Gametes and sex hormones
What are the gametes
Ovary-female
Testes-male
Tissues that have the potential to diffrentiate into male and female tissues
Bipotential tissues
This protin directs development as a male
SRY protein
Urethral folds and groove produce
Urethra
Labia minora
Vagina opening in female
Shaft of penis in male
Genital tubercle produces
Clitoris in female
Glans penis in male
Urethral folds and groove in both
Gonadal cortex
Produces ovary in female
Degenerates in males
Labioscrotal swellings produce
Shaft of penis and scrotum in male
Labia majora in female
Gonadal medulla
Forms testis in males
Degenerates in female
Wolfian duct becomes
Epidydimis,seminiferous tubules and vas deferens in males when testosterone is produced.
Regresses in female
Mullerian duct becomes
Upper half of vagina
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Cervix
Mullerian duct regreses in
males
MIF function
Inhibits formation of mullerian duct
Gmetogenesis begins at this time
in utero
Germ cells are present in embryonic gonad
true
Mitotic divisions in embryonic gonad
Increases the number of germ cells
Meiosis in embryonic gonad leads to
The differentiation of primary ,secondary and haploid gamete
Gonads produce
The main source of peptide hormones and steroids
Main source of sex steroid hormones
Gonads
Why hypothalamus is said to be a pulse generator
Because it produces GnRH
Pattern for hormonal control of reproduction
Hypothalamus —>releases GnRH—->.Anterior pituitary gland–>Produces LH and FSH—>Acts on gonads—>Steroid, peptide hormones and gametes produced
Peptide hormones produced include
Inhibin and activin
Short loop feedback
Negative feedback from the LH AND FSH to hypothalamus
Long loop feedback
Negative feedback from gonadal hormones to hypothalamus
Decreased estrogen and androgen effect on GnRH level
increased due to absence of negative feedback
Moderate estrogen/androgen effect on GnRH
negative feedback occurs, GnRH reduced
Increased androgen/ estrogen effect on GnRh
Reduced due to negative feedback inhibition
Sustained increased estrogen/androgen effect on GnRh
Increases due to positive feedback
External genitalia in males
penis, scrotum
Common passageway in males
Urethra
Accessory glands and ducts in males
prostate gland’
bulbourethral gland
seminal vescicles
This structure produces sperms
Seminiferous tubules
Maturation of sperms occur in
Epididymis
Urethra receives sperms from
Vas deferens
These structures surround and support developing sperms
Sertoli cells
This structure divides and produces sperm cells
Spermatogonia
This structure produces testosterone
Leydig cells
External genitalia in females is also called
Pudendum
External female genitalia include
vulva clitoris labia majora labia minora hymen Lower third of vagina
Internal organs of female genitalia
Cervix upper 2/3rd of vagina uterus fallopian tubes ovary
Phases of ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
ovulation
Luteal phase
Process for selecting matured follicle
- 18-20 follicles recruited on days 1-4 of menstrual cycle in response to FSH
-Only one follicle is selected each month and occurs days 5-7 of menstrual cycle - Selected follicle grows and suppresses other follicles
-FSH levels drop 4-5 days before ovulation
-Only selected follicle matures, others become atretic due to reduced FSH
-
Estrogen and ovulation
- There is a slow rise in estrogen, picks up at about 7th day
- Gets to its peak about 1 day to ovulation
- It begins to drop after getting to its peak
- The commencement of its fall signifies ovulation
NB; similar for inhibin
Progesterone and ovulation
Progesterone in follicular phase lays low and begins to rise after ovulation begins
It peaks up at about day 18,19,20 and begins to fall
Wjen progesterone falls, estrogen rises
LH levels in ovulation
peaks
FSH levels in ovulation
Reduced
the uterine cycles undergoes how many phases
- proliferative
secretive
proliferative phase
The endometrium grows in preparation for pregnancy
There is increase in thickness of endometrium and increase in size of blood vessels and glands
Stingy mucus releases by cervix to guide sperms from vagina into uterus
Secretory phase
Due to progesterone from corpus luteum, endometrial secretions are made to promote implantation
This serves to;
Provide a comfortable environment
direct fertilized ovum as to where to implant
produce nutrients for the implantation of fertilized ovum
There is marked swelling where glands increase, become tortous, lipid and glycogen increase in stromal cells
Fertilized ovum enters uterine cavity these amount of days after ovulation
3-4 days
Fertilized ovum implants
7-9 after ovulation
Around the time of proliferation and secretion
ovulation occurs
extra ovarian hormones include
GnRH LH FSH
Ovarian hormones include
estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
Functions of FSH
Stimulate follicular development
Stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogen
Functions of LH
Stimulates formation of corpus luteum
Stimulates ovulation
Helps to mature ovarian follicle
Aromatase coverts
Androgens to estrogen
