Reproductive Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
“What hormone controls the HPT axis?”
A
GnRH
2
Q
“What hormone stimulates the testes to produce testosterone?”
A
LH
3
Q
What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT?
A
5α-reductase
4
Q
What tissues primarily convert testosterone to estradiol?
A
Adipose tissue, liver, hypothalamus
5
Q
What is the major active androgen in the skin and prostate?
A
DHT
6
Q
What is the function of testosterone during puberty?
A
Growth of penile and scrotal tissues
7
Q
What receptor family does the androgen receptor belong to?
A
Nuclear receptor superfamily
8
Q
What are the main androgens?
A
Testosterone, Fluoxymesterone, Danazol
9
Q
What drug is a weak androgen?
A
Danazol
10
Q
What drug inhibits both types of 5α-reductase?
A
Dutasteride
11
Q
What drug selectively inhibits 5α-reductase type 2?
A
Finasteride
12
Q
What is the mechanism of action of testosterone cypionate?
A
Binds to androgen receptors to initiate gene transcription
13
Q
What are two major side effects of testosterone cypionate?
A
Increased LDL, aggression
14
Q
What is the clinical use of fluoxymesterone?
A
Palliation of androgen-responsive mammary cancer
15
Q
What enzyme does Danazol inhibit?
A
P450scc
16
Q
What is the indication for Danazol?
A
Endometriosis, hereditary angioedema
17
Q
What is a major warning for body-building supplements with anabolic steroids?
A
Risk of liver injury, stroke, kidney failure
18
Q
What are the two categories of antiandrogens?
A
Testosterone synthesis inhibitors, androgen receptor inhibitors
19
Q
What is a contraindication of Dutasteride?
A
Pregnancy
20
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Flutamide?
A
Androgen receptor antagonist
21
Q
What are common side effects of Flutamide?
A
Gynecomastia, reversible hepatic toxicity
22
Q
What disorder is associated with hyperprolactinemia?
A
Hypogonadism
23
Q
What drugs can cause hyperprolactinemia?
A
Antipsychotics, metoclopramide
24
Q
What opioid drugs strongly suppress gonadotropins?
A
Methadone, fentanyl, oxycodone
25
What hormones suppress gonadotropin secretion by negative feedback?
Androgens, progestins, estrogens
26
What are the two types of GnRH modulators?
Agonists and antagonists
27
What is the main difference between GnRH agonists and antagonists?
Antagonists do not cause an initial androgen surge
28
What are two examples of GnRH antagonists?
Degarelix, Elagolix
29
What is the function of GnRH agonists like Leuprolide?
Suppress gonadotropins and testosterone production
30
What are two main indications for GnRH agonists?
Prostate cancer, endometriosis
31
What is the primary function of Clomiphene?
Induces ovulation
32
What is the mechanism of action of Clomiphene?
Blocks estrogen receptors to increase GnRH release
33
What are the indications for Anastrozole and Letrozole?
Endometriosis, ER+ breast cancer
34
What is the function of Aromatase?
Converts androgens to estrogens
35
What are three third-generation Aromatase Inhibitors?
Anastrozole, Letrozole, Exemestane
36
What are the two main Oxytocin receptor antagonists?
Atosiban, Nolasiban
37
What is the indication for Oxytocin receptor antagonists?
Preterm labor
38
What hormone stimulates uterine contractions?
Oxytocin
39
What is the mechanism of action of Oxytocin?
Activates Gq pathway to increase intracellular calcium
40
What is the primary use of Oxytocin in obstetrics?
Induction of labor and postpartum hemorrhage treatment
41
What are the main types of tocolytic drugs?
Oxytocin receptor antagonists, Magnesium sulfate, Beta agonists, CCBs
42
What are the two main posterior pituitary hormones?
Oxytocin, Vasopressin
43
What is the function of vasopressin?
Regulates water retention in the kidneys
44
What effect does chronic endurance exercise have on testosterone?
Suppresses testosterone levels
45
What is the primary function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) axis?
Regulation of reproduction and hormone cycles
46
What is the main hormone produced by the ovary during the follicular phase?
Estrogen
47
What hormones are produced by the ovary during the luteal phase?
Estrogen and progesterone
48
What is the function of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)?
Modulate estrogen receptor activity
49
What are two important SERMs used in reproductive pharmacology?
Clomiphene, Tamoxifen
50
What is the mechanism of action of Clomiphene?
Blocks estrogen receptors, increasing GnRH secretion
51
What is the clinical use of Clomiphene?
Treatment of infertility and anovulatory cycles
52
What is the function of Danazol?
Androgenic suppression of the pituitary-ovarian axis
53
What is a major contraindication of Danazol?
Pregnancy
54
What are three major side effects of Danazol?
Thromboembolism, androgenic effects, altered lipid profile
55
What is the definition of endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus
56
What are the main treatments for endometriosis?
Oral contraceptives, Danazol, GnRH agonists, Aromatase Inhibitors
57
What is the function of Aromatase in the body?
Converts androgens into estrogens
58
What are three third-generation Aromatase Inhibitors?
Anastrozole, Letrozole, Exemestane
59
What is the main indication for Aromatase Inhibitors?
Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer
60
What is the mechanism of action of GnRH antagonists?
Block GnRH receptors to suppress LH and FSH secretion
61
What are two examples of GnRH antagonists?
Degarelix, Elagolix
62
What is the primary indication for Elagolix?
Endometriosis pain management
63
What is the function of GnRH agonists?
Initially stimulate, then suppress gonadotropin release
64
What are four examples of GnRH agonists?
Goserelin, Triptorelin, Buserelin, Leuprolide
65
What is the ‘flare effect’ of GnRH agonists?
Initial increase in gonadotropin release before suppression
66
What are the indications for GnRH agonists?
Prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis, fibroids
67
What is the function of the posterior pituitary?
Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin
68
What is the mechanism of action of Oxytocin?
Binds to GPCR, increasing intracellular calcium to induce contractions
69
What are the two primary indications for Oxytocin?
Induction of labor, postpartum hemorrhage treatment
70
What are tocolytic drugs used for?
Preventing preterm labor by suppressing uterine contractions
71
What are the four main types of tocolytic drugs?
Oxytocin receptor antagonists, Magnesium sulfate, Beta agonists, Calcium channel blockers
72
What is the function of Atosiban and Nolasiban?
Block oxytocin receptors to prevent labor contractions
73
What is the primary function of Vasopressin?
Regulates water retention by acting on the kidneys
74
What is the function of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists in labor?
Relax uterine muscles to prevent contractions
75
What is the primary function of Magnesium sulfate in labor?
Prevents uterine contractions by blocking calcium influx
76
What is the function of Calcium Channel Blockers in labor?
Reduce uterine contractions by blocking calcium entry
77
What drug is used to differentiate between GnRH-dependent and GnRH-independent precocious puberty?
Leuprolide
78
What is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
79
What is the primary function of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
Triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation
80
What hormone surge triggers ovulation?
LH surge
81
What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnancy?
Maintains corpus luteum function
82
What is the function of progesterone in pregnancy?
Maintains uterine lining for implantation
83
What is the effect of estrogen on the endometrium?
Stimulates endometrial growth
84
What are the primary hormones in combined oral contraceptives?
Estrogen and progestin
85
What is the mechanism of action of oral contraceptives?
Inhibit ovulation by suppressing LH and FSH secretion
86
What is the function of emergency contraception pills?
Prevent or delay ovulation
87
What is the function of mifepristone?
Blocks progesterone receptors to induce abortion
88
What is the function of ulipristal acetate?
Selective progesterone receptor modulator used for emergency contraception
89
What is the function of oxytocin in breastfeeding?
Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands
90
What is the mechanism of action of testosterone?
Binds to androgen receptors to regulate gene expression
91
What enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol?
Aromatase
92
What is the role of estradiol in men?
Regulates bone density and libido
93
What is the clinical use of Finasteride?
Treatment of BPH and male pattern baldness
94
What is the mechanism of action of Dutasteride?
Inhibits both type 1 and 2 5α-reductase to block DHT synthesis
95
What is the major side effect of Finasteride?
Decreased libido
96
What is a common use for Flutamide?
Treatment of prostate cancer
97
What drug class does Flutamide belong to?
Androgen receptor inhibitors
98
What are the major side effects of androgen receptor inhibitors?
Gynecomastia, liver toxicity
99
What hormone is responsible for initiating puberty in males?
Testosterone
100
What is the effect of anabolic steroids on the HPT axis?
Suppress endogenous testosterone production
101
What is the major health risk of anabolic steroids?
Liver damage, cardiovascular disease
102
What hormone is the primary regulator of the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen
103
What hormone surge triggers ovulation?
LH surge
104
What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
Maintains the endometrial lining
105
What is the main function of estrogen in oral contraceptives?
Suppress FSH to prevent follicle development
106
What is the function of progestin in oral contraceptives?
Thickens cervical mucus and suppresses ovulation
107
What is the major side effect of combined oral contraceptives?
Increased risk of thromboembolism
108
What is the function of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)?
Long-acting contraception by inhibiting ovulation
109
What is the function of the levonorgestrel IUD?
Thickens cervical mucus and thins endometrial lining
110
What is the function of ulipristal acetate?
Prevents ovulation for emergency contraception
111
What is the mechanism of action of mifepristone?
Blocks progesterone receptors to induce abortion
112
What is the role of hCG in pregnancy tests?
Detected in urine to confirm pregnancy
113
What hormone maintains pregnancy during the first trimester?
hCG
114
What is the function of oxytocin postpartum?
Stimulates uterine contractions to prevent hemorrhage
115
What is the effect of prolactin on lactation?
Stimulates milk production
116
What is the function of dopamine in prolactin regulation?
Inhibits prolactin secretion
117
What is the function of bromocriptine?
Dopamine agonist used to treat hyperprolactinemia
118
What is the function of cabergoline?
Dopamine agonist used to suppress prolactin
119
What is the primary treatment for hyperprolactinemia?
Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline)
120
What drugs can increase prolactin levels?
Antipsychotics, metoclopramide
121
What is the mechanism of action of oxytocin receptor antagonists?
Block oxytocin receptors to prevent contractions
122
What are two examples of oxytocin receptor antagonists?
Atosiban, Nolasiban
123
What is the primary use of oxytocin receptor antagonists?
Delay preterm labor
124
What is the function of beta-agonists in labor?
Relax uterine muscles to delay contractions
125
What is the mechanism of action of magnesium sulfate in labor?
Blocks calcium influx to reduce contractions
126
What is the function of calcium channel blockers in labor?
Reduce uterine contractions by inhibiting calcium entry
127
What hormone is responsible for milk ejection?
Oxytocin
128
What hormone is responsible for milk production?
Prolactin
129
What is the function of vasopressin in the kidneys?
Regulates water retention
130
What receptor does vasopressin act on in the kidneys?
V2 receptor
131
What drug is a synthetic vasopressin analog?
Desmopressin
132
What is the primary indication for desmopressin?
Diabetes insipidus
133
What is the primary function of GnRH?
Stimulates the release of LH and FSH
134
What is the function of LH in males?
Stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells
135
What is the function of FSH in males?
Stimulates spermatogenesis
136
What is the function of LH in females?
Triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation
137
What is the function of FSH in females?
Stimulates follicle development
138
What is the primary function of inhibin?
Inhibits FSH secretion
139
What is the effect of chronic opioid use on the HPT axis?
Suppresses gonadotropin secretion
140
What is the function of spironolactone in reproductive pharmacology?
Androgen receptor antagonist used for PCOS
141
What is the main side effect of spironolactone?
Gynecomastia
142
What is the effect of high-intensity endurance exercise on testosterone?
Suppresses testosterone levels
143
What hormone is used in pharmacologic castration?
GnRH agonists
144
What is the function of GnRH agonists in prostate cancer?
Suppress testosterone to castration levels
145
What is the function of GnRH antagonists in prostate cancer?
Block GnRH without causing an initial hormone surge
146
What is the primary function of estrogen receptor modulators?
Block or activate estrogen receptors
147
What is the function of tamoxifen?
Estrogen receptor antagonist used for breast cancer
148
What is the function of raloxifene?
Selective estrogen receptor modulator used for osteoporosis
149
What is the function of fulvestrant?
Pure estrogen receptor antagonist for breast cancer
150
What is the function of anastrozole?
Aromatase inhibitor for ER+ breast cancer
151
What is the function of letrozole?
Aromatase inhibitor for breast cancer and ovulation induction
152
What is the function of exemestane?
Aromatase inhibitor for ER+ breast cancer
153
What is the function of GnRH in IVF?
Prevents premature LH surge during ovarian stimulation
