Pathologies of Ovarian Diseases- 1 Flashcards
What are the two main regions of the ovarian stroma?
Cortical and medullary.
What is the size of the ovary described?
4x2x1 cm.
What are the stages of the ovarian follicle life cycle?
Primordial follicle, Mature follicle, Atretic follicle, Corpus Luteum, Corpus Albicans.
What cells are found in a mature follicle?
Granulosa and theca cells.
What do theca cells produce?
Sex steroids.
What are non-neoplastic ovarian cysts?
Inclusion cysts, Follicular cysts, Luteal cysts, Polycystic ovary syndrome.
What causes inclusion cysts?
Invagination of the surface epithelium.
What is a solitary follicular cyst?
A cyst from uncracked Graafian follicles, usually 1-1.5 cm, filled with serous fluid.
What symptoms can a ruptured follicular cyst cause?
Acute abdomen, pelvic pain.
What is Hyperreaction Luteinalis?
Bilateral ovarian enlargement due to multiple luteinized follicle cysts, caused by high hCG levels.
What are the key features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
Bilateral cysts, anovulation, menstrual irregularities, hirsutism, obesity.
What is Stromal Hyperthecosis?
Luteinized cells in extra-follicular areas, often in the medulla, causing virilization.
What is Stromal Hyperplasia?
Associated with endometrial carcinoma, obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance.
What is Ovarian Fibromatosis?
Fibromatoid proliferation of spindle cells, causing amenorrhea, abdominal pain.
What is Endometriosis Externa?
Extra-uterine endometrial tissue, causing infertility, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain.
What are common sites for endometriosis?
Ovary, uterine ligament, rectovaginal septum, pelvic peritoneum.
What are macroscopic features of ovarian endometriosis?
Bluish cystic nodules, fibrosis, chocolate cysts.
What are microscopic features of ovarian endometriosis?
Endometrial stroma, glands, hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
What is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer death?
Ovarian cancer.
What are symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Pelvic/abdominal pain, urinary urgency, bloating, early satiety.
What are the main types of ovarian cancer?
Epithelial (90%), Sex-cord stromal, Germ cell, Metastasis.
What are the two groups of epithelial ovarian cancer?
Type I (indolent) and Type II (aggressive).
What are Type I carcinomas associated with?
Endometriosis or borderline serous tumors.
What are Type II carcinomas associated with?
High-Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC), Undifferentiated carcinoma.
What is the most common ovarian cancer type?
High-Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC), 70% of cases.
What are microscopic features of Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma (LGSC)?
Isolated tumor cells, small glands, micropapillae, psammoma bodies.
What are microscopic features of High-Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC)?
P53 mutation, cystic, papillary, solid growth, hemorrhage, necrosis.
What are the types of Serous Tumors?
Benign (Cystadenoma), Borderline, Malignant (LGSC, HGSC).
What is Serous Cystadenoma?
Benign tumor, 4th-5th decades, thin-walled unilocular cyst, clear serous fluid.
What is Serous Borderline Tumor?
Short villi, no invasion, peritoneal implants possible.
What are Clear Cell Tumors?
Benign (Cystadenoma), Borderline, Malignant (Carcinoma).
What is Clear Cell Carcinoma?
Often arises from endometriosis, large unilateral tumors, solid or cystic.
What are Endometrioid Tumors?
Benign (Cystadenoma), Borderline, Malignant (Carcinoma).
What percentage of Endometrioid Carcinomas are linked to endometriosis?
10%-20%.
What is Endometrioid Cystadenoma?
Lined by cuboidal/columnar epithelium, no cytologic atypia.
What are Mucinous Tumors?
85% benign, 15% malignant, multilocular cysts, gelatinous fluid.
What are Transitional (Brenner) Tumors?
Resemble bladder epithelium, solid or cystic, mostly benign.
What is the role of BRCA1 in ovarian cancer?
DNA damage response, checkpoint activation, DNA repair.
What is the role of BRCA2 in ovarian cancer?
Mediates homologous recombination.
What ovarian cancer is linked to BRCA mutations?
High-Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC).
What are the microscopic features of Serous Cystadenoma?
Thin-walled unilocular cyst, lined by ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium.
What are the microscopic features of Serous Borderline Tumor?
Short villi, no invasion, no desmoplasia.
What are the microscopic features of Clear Cell Carcinoma?
Tubulocystic, papillary, solid patterns, clear cells, hobnail cells.
What are the microscopic features of Endometrioid Carcinoma?
Stratified columnar epithelium, cytologic atypia, mitotic figures.
What are the microscopic features of Mucinous Tumors?
Apical mucin-containing endocervical or intestinal epithelium.
What are the microscopic features of Transitional (Brenner) Tumors?
Transitional epithelium, fibroblast stroma.
What is the most common age for Serous Cystadenoma?
4th and 5th decades.
What is the most common age for High-Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC)?
6th and 7th decades.
What is the most common age for Stromal Hyperthecosis?
6th and 9th decades.
What is the most common age for Stromal Hyperplasia?
6th and 7th decades.
What is the most common age for Ovarian Fibromatosis?
Mean age 25 years.
What is the most common age for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
Young, anovulatory women.
What is the most common age for Endometriosis?
Reproductive age.
What is the most common age for Ovarian Cancer?
Postmenopausal women.
What is the most common age for Clear Cell Carcinoma?
Often in women with endometriosis.
What is the most common age for Mucinous Tumors?
Varies, but often in reproductive to postmenopausal age.
What is the most common age for Transitional (Brenner) Tumors?
Varies, but often in middle-aged women.
What is the most common age for Endometrioid Carcinoma?
Often in women with endometriosis.
What is the most common age for Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma (LGSC)?
Varies, but often in younger women.
