Reproductive pathology in the Female Flashcards
3 phases of normal sexual development pre-birth
- Establishment of the sex chromosomes at fertilisation- XX or XY.
- Modelling of embryonic gonadal tissue
- Establishment of genital phenotype- Controlled, programmed regression and growth of different parts of the indifferent tubular and external genital tissues (female or male phenotype)
What gender is XX
female
Male=XY
What is the testes determining gene
SRY
Sex determining region on Y chromosome
What is a karotype
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
what is chimerism
An organism whose cells are derived from 2 or more zygotes.
Most commonly seen as bovine Freemartinism= genetic female born co-twin with a male, the male foetus sterilises the female by testis-determining factors carried by the blood stream via the placental anastomoses.
What is a true hermaphrodite
- The karyotype is more often XX.
- Histological evidence of ovarian and testicular tissue (E.g. ovotestis).
Ambiguity of external or internal genitalia or both.
What is a male pseudohermaphrodite
- The karyotype is XY, gonads are recognisable as testes
- Incompletely masculinised and ambiguous external and internal genitalia or both
Female pseudohermaphrodite
- The karyotype is XX
- Feminine (ambiguous in a few cases) internal genitalia, masculinised external genitalia
What is ovotestes
presence of ovarian and testicular tissue
What is an ovarian cyst
follicular cysts and luteinized cysts, cystic rete ovarii, cysts of the subsurface epithelial structures (SES).
para ovarian cysts
cystic epoophoron or paroophoron (cysts of mesonephric tubules), hydatids of Morgagni (cysts of paramesonephric ducts), cyst of mesonephric duct.
What is a sex chord stromal tumour
gross and histopathology
- Granulosa cell tumours, thecoma or luteoma….propensity to be hormonally active.
- The granulosa cell tumour is the most common tumour in this group. They are usually non-malignant tumours in any species.
- Gross: These frequently are large tumours that are either multinodular or symmetrical, uni‐ or bilateral, and they include both solid and cystic areas, with or without scattered areas of haemorrhagic necrosis.
- Histopathology: A variety of patterns may occur in different areas: solid sheets, islands, cords, trabeculae, nests. Sometimes presence of Call Exner bodies.
2 congenital lesions of the uterus
Segmental aplasia
Mesonephric cysts
Inflammatory disorders of the uterus
- Result of ascending infection when the cervix is open, at oestrus, parturition or during the postpartum period
- Uterine resistance varied during the oestrus cycle, susceptibility being greatest during the luteal phase of the cycle
- Haematogenous infections are less common and are usually involved in some microbial/viral disorders, and they usually occur during pregnancy and can cause abortion
- Endometritis= Inflammation limited in extent to the endometrium
- Metritis= Involvement of entire thickness of wall
Pyometra= Acute or chronic suppurative infection of the uterus with accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen
2 types of uterine neoplasia seen
smooth muscle tumours (leiomyoma)
Endometrial carcinoma in the cow
Neoplasma of external genitalia
Smooth muscle tumours (leiomyoma)
canine transmissible venereal tumour
Squamous cell carcinoma
Fibropapilloma of the vulva in cattle
Pathogens causing Bovine mastitis
- Due to ascending infection of the gland and bacteria are the most common pathogen
- Streptococcus agalactiae and some types of Staphylococcus aureus are obligate parasites of the gland and inevitable pathogens, but the great majority of infections are opportunistic (E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Serratia).
- Other pathogens are: Mycoplasma bovis, Nocardia spp., Mycobacterium bovis, fungi and algae (Prototheca zopfii).
pathogens causing ewe and goat mastitis
- Usually caused by S. aureus, Mannheimia haemolytica, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, T pyogenes, Mycoplasma agalactiae.
- The Maedi Visna virus can cause mononuclear interstitial mastitis in the ewe.
Benign mammary tumours
- Dog: Represent more than half of mammary masses, often they have an epithelial (adenoma) and mixed myoepithelial/mesenchymal component.
- They have a histologically benign appearance, including lack of invasion, minimal anisokaryosis/pleomorphism, and a low mitotic index.
Mammary carcinomas
- Dog: large number of types and subtypes, wide heterogeneity; the grading takes into account differentiation, tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses per 10 HPF.
The anaplasia, the high nuclear grade and mitotic rate are negative prognostic factors, as well as the stromal invasion and the presence of neoplastic emboli. - Cat: About 75-90% are intermediate or high grade carcinomas, simple and much less heterogeneous (types: tubulopapillary, solid, or cribriform carcinomas).
What is SES
Surface Epithelial Structures
The modified peritoneal cells covering the surface of
the ovary of the bitch normally extend into the ovary
a short distance where they are arranged as small
single epithelial-lined cavities
what do theca cells do
produce androgens e.g. testosterone
also involved in the growth and development of ovarian follicles, the release of the egg during ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum
What do granulosa cells do
secrete oestrogens
