Reproductive Issues Mod 4 Flashcards
What hormone is responsible for developing and maintaining female reproductive organs…as well as secondary sex characteristics?
Estrogen
The most potent ovarian estrogen is estradiol
What is the purpose of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
Regulation of changes that occurred in the uterus during cycle
Secreted by corpus luteum
What is the most important hormone for conditioning of the endometrium to prepare for fertilization or implantation?
Progesterone
After pregnancy occurs, progesterone production is taken over by what?
Placenta
Hormone produced by ovaries and adrenal glands ?
Responsible for follicular development, libido, oily skin, and hair
Androgens
What are the two types of gonadotropin hormones?
Both released by pituitary gland
FSH = follicle stimulating hormone
LH = Lutenizing hormone
This hormone affects the rate of FSH and LH release.
Produced by the hypothalamus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Luteinizing hormone is associated with what other hormone?
progesterone
Follicle stimulating hormone is associated with what other hormone?
Estrogen
This hormone causes uterine contractions in preparation for birth or involution.
Oxytocin
Hormone responsible for relaxing of the joints during pregnancy
Relaxin
This hormone is responsible for milk production
Prolactin
Three stages of the menstrual cycle from beginning to end
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Luteal phase
When is the proliferative phase of menstruation cycle?
Right after menstruation (period) ends
When does the secretory phase of menstruation cycle occur?
Day 14 through 28
Ovulation occurs due to LH increase 
When does the Luteal phase occur in the menstrual cycle?
After ovulation endometrium thickened, making it highly vascular and ready for implantation
Toxic shock syndrome is characterized by what sign/symptoms?
Flu like symptoms, high fever, headache, dizziness, hypovolemia, hypotension
What causes toxic shock syndrome?
Super absorbency tampons
Tampons left and overnight (more than 3-6 hours)
Diaphragm birth control method, especially when on period
What is the typical age on onset for menarche?
Age 15
What are the signs and symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome?
Irritability, attention and dysphoria (distress)
What are some helpful tips for patients with PMS?
Add vitamin B complex and vitamin E
Exercise
Birth control, NSAID, anti-depressants
Dietary: avoid red meat, salt, sugar, nicotine, alcohol
Amenorrhea means __________?
What is primary and secondary amenorrhea characterized by?
NO menstruation
Primary: someone who hasn’t menstruated before (younger child)
Secondary: absence of menstruation for three cycles, or irregular cycles for six months (pregnancy, extreme stress, anorexia, CNS issues)
Dysmenorrhea is painful menses, who is more at risk for dysmenorrhea?
People with endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease
For what populations is it normal to have amenorrhea?
Prepubescent, pregnancy, postpartum, post menopausal 
What causes abnormal uterine bleeding? This typically occurs at the beginning or end of a cycle.
Due to a hormonal imbalance
What is perimenopause?
Usually 2 to 8 years before cessation of menstruation or time before menopause
When is menopause clinically confirmed?
One year from last period. Means your reproductive capacity has ended.
What are some reasons menopause may come earlier than the average 51 years of age?
Destruction of ovaries due to radiation, chemo or other medication
Surgical removal of ovaries 
What is a treatment for menopause symptoms?
What are the risks to these treatments?
Hormone replacement therapy
Estrogen may help symptoms of menopause, but increase risk of cardiovascular events
Signs and symptoms of menopause
Mood changes, hot flashes, sleep, and memory issues
How does menopause affect bone health?
Low bone mass and deterioration happen rapidly after menopause
This happens due to G.I. tract losing some ability to absorb calcium
Risk for fragile bones and fractures
Patient may lose height as well
What are some interventions for osteoporosis related to menopause?
Weight exercises and walking
Add calcium and vitamin D to diet
Avoid nicotine and alcohol use
