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Reproductive Physiology > Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormone is a ________ produced in the hypothalamus.

A

decapeptide

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2
Q

GnRH is made of a ______ and a ______ center.

A

tonic
surge

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3
Q

The tonic center of GnRH consists of what two nuclei?

A

ventromedial + arcuate

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4
Q

The surge center of GnRH consists of what 3 nuclei?

A
  1. preoptic
  2. anterior hypothalamic
  3. suprachiasmic
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5
Q

GnRH targets _______ in the anterior pituitary to release ______ and _____.

A

gonadotropic cells
FSH + LH

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6
Q

Product used in dairy industry to treat cystic ovaries and induce mare ovulation.

A

cystorelin

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7
Q

2 types of GnRH products

A

cystorelin
ovuplant

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8
Q

Term for deslorelin implant used in horses which can extend their interovulatory period.

A

ovuplant

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9
Q

What kind of molecule is FSH?

A

glycoprotein

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10
Q

(T/F) FSH has alpha and beta subunits while LH does not.

A

False - both have a + B subunits

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11
Q

Which subunit of FSH is active?

A

beta subunit

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12
Q

FSH stimulates ________ in the male and ________ in the female.

A

spermatogenesis
folliculogenesis

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13
Q

Function of LH in males? Females?

A

Male: stimulates testosterone production from leydig cells

Female: LH surge –> ovulation + maintain corpus luteum

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14
Q

What hormone has LH activity and stimulates ovulation in humans?

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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15
Q

How soon does LH produce testosterone after stimulation?

A

30 minutes

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16
Q

What 3 things produce progesterone (P4)?

A
  1. corpus luteum
  2. placenta (ewe, mare)
  3. adrenal gland
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17
Q

Progesterone is a ______ hormone with __ carbons.

A

steroid
21

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18
Q

Progesterone helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy by doing what?

A

increases uterine glands and secretions (histiotroph)

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19
Q

List functions of progesterone. (5)

A
  1. prepare uterus for pregnancy
  2. maintain pregnancy
  3. decrease smooth muscle contractions
  4. develop mammary gland secretions
  5. inhibit GnRH secretion
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20
Q

What progesterone product is used in mares?

A

regu-mate

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21
Q

_______ are vaginal inserts which release progesterone to synchronize estrus.

A

CIDRs

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22
Q

Testosterone is a steroid with ____ carbons.

A

19

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23
Q

General term for testosterone

A

androgens

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24
Q

What form of testosterone is biologically active?

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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25
Q

Testosterone and estrogen in the blood have negative feedback on _______.

A

GnRH

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26
Q

What two effects does testosterone have on the body?

A
  1. develop secondary sex characteristics
  2. sexual behavior
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27
Q

What testosterone product is used in race horses and show horses?

A

equipose

28
Q

Exogenous androgens are anabolic steroids that are enforced federally and at state-level, considered __________ drugs.

A

schedule III

29
Q

Exogenous androgens (stimulate/inhibit) spermatogenesis.

A

inhibit

30
Q

Estrogens are named for the number of ________ groups.

A

hydroxyl (OH)

31
Q

Match the name of the estrogen to have many hydroxyl groups it has:

1
2
3

A

1: estrone
2. estradiol
3. estriol

32
Q

What 3 things produce estrogens?

A
  1. ovarian follicles
  2. adrenal gland
  3. placenta
33
Q

Estrogens have (positive/negative) feedback on _____ in the hypothalamus.

A

positive
GnRH

34
Q

List the functions of estrogen. (5)

A
  1. produce GnRH surge (positive feedback)
  2. smooth muscle contraction
  3. mammary gland duct development
  4. secondary sex characteristics
  5. sexual behavior
35
Q

List 3 environmental estrogens.

A
  1. phytoestrogens
  2. zearalenone
  3. bisphenol A
36
Q

Which environmental estrogen is a mycotoxin? What does it affect?

A

zearalenone
swine production

37
Q

Which environmental estrogen has effects on humans, wild, and domestic animals?

A

bisphenol A

38
Q

Which environmental estrogen is in legumes such as clover?

A

phytoestrogens

39
Q

(T/F) Environmental estrogens can have an additive or increased effect.

A

True

40
Q

Prostaglandins are a ________ derivative.

A

arachidonic acid

41
Q

What enzymes are important in prostaglandin synthesis?

A

COX 1 + 2

42
Q

_______ inhibits COX enzymes and therefore, _______ production

A

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
prostaglandin

43
Q

_____ is produced by the endometrium in the absence of an embryo in large animals.

A

PGF2a

44
Q

If there is no pregnancy and therefore no maternal recognition signal, what occurs?

A

luteolysis (break down corpus luteum)

45
Q

4 functions of prostaglandins.

A
  1. luteolysis
  2. smooth muscle contraction
  3. ovulation
  4. parturition
46
Q

(T/F) Prostaglandins have a relatively long half-life.

A

False - very short

47
Q

_____ prostaglandin is in the ovary, uterus, and embryonic membranes and involved in ovulation and corpus luteum.

A

PGE2 (prostaglandin E2)

48
Q

What kind of molecule is oxytocin?

A

octapeptide

49
Q

What two places is oxytocin produced?

A

paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

ovary

50
Q

3 functions of oxytocin.

A
  1. induce parturition (mares)
  2. uterine contractions
  3. role in luteolysis
51
Q

What hormone has a role in parturition and is used to induce parturition in cattle?

A

corticosteroids

52
Q

What is a specific corticosteroid drug used clinically?

A

dexamethasone

53
Q

Prolactin is a large _______ hormone.

A

protein

54
Q

3 functions of prolactin.

A
  1. lactation
  2. maternal behavior
  3. maintain CL (some species)
55
Q

What effect can growth hormone have in cattle?

A

effect milk production

56
Q

What hormone has a similar structure as GH and involved in mammary gland development?

A

placental lactogen

57
Q

______ is produced by granulosa and sertoli cells.

A

inhibin

58
Q

What kind of molecule is inhibin?

A

glycoprotein

59
Q

Inhibit has effects on ______.

A

FSH

60
Q

What species is relaxin an ovarian source? Placental source?

A

ovarian: cow, pig
placental: horse, cat, dog

61
Q

What is produced by endometrial cups in the equine uterus?

A

eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin)

62
Q

What is eCG detectable in pregnant horses?

A

day 40 of pregnancy

63
Q

eCG was formerly known as _______.

A

PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)

64
Q

eCG is associated with _______ on ovaries.

A

secondary corpora lutea

65
Q

What is the clinical significance of secondary corpora lutea on horses?

A

need multiple PG injections to abort fetus

Reproductive Physiology (5 decks)

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