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PARA320 > Reproductive/Gynaecological Emergencies > Flashcards

Reproductive/Gynaecological Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epididiymitis?

A

Inflmmation of the epididymis, most commonly caused by bacteria

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2
Q

Reconition of epididymis

A

Pain and swelling of one teste,
fever
Affected teste will hang over
Occurs over several days

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3
Q

What is Orchitis?

A

Inflammation of one or both of the testes caused by bacterial infection

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4
Q

Orchitis recongonition?

A 
Sevre pain, 
Visable swelling of groin lymph nodes on affected site
Fever
Blood in sperm (hamatospermia)
Blood in urine (hematuria)
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5
Q

What is Testicular Torsion?

A

Occurs when spermatic cord is twisted, cutting off the testical’s blood supply can result in loss of teste

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6
Q

testicular torsion recognition

A

Sevre testicular pain, nausea/vommitting, mild fever and redness of area

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7
Q

What is varicoele

A

Abnormal enlargement of connective tissue of the scrotum can result in infertility

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8
Q

What is Haematocele?

A

collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis (the lining of the scrotum)

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9
Q

recognition of haematocele and variocele

A

soft lumps around testes, redness, pain and tenderness

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10
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

Accumlation of serous fluid around a teste caused by a issue with production or drainage of fluid
causes swelling

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11
Q

what is spermatocele

A

A abnormal cyst that devops in the epididymis

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12
Q

What is Priaprism

A

An errection in the absecnce of stimulation or after stimulation has ended
very painful
requires urgent treatment

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13
Q

Common infection sites of in the female reproductive system include

A

uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes, but because of the open-ended structure of female reproductive sustem the infection can easily spread to surrounding organs

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14
Q

What is a ruptured ovarian cyst?

A

Fluid filled sac on the surface of an ovary, their sizes alter at diffrent stages of the menstrual cycle. Intact cysts are asymtomatic, when ruptured it can result in massive haemorrhage and significant abdo pain

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15
Q

Recognition of Ruptured Ovarian Cyst

A

Abdo pain can be a sign of cyst expansion, torsion (twisting) can lead to ischemia and acute rupture
Unilateral lower abdo pain
Inflammation that can lead to sepsis
Intraperitoneal haemorrhage

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16
Q

What is an ectopic Pregnancy

A

Pregnancy that develops outside the uterus (mostly in fallopian tubes). Clinical signs appear 6-8 weeks after last normal menstural period. If it continues to grow growing egg is placing pressure and strecthing the fallopian tubes and surrounding organs. Will result in rupture of tubes

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17
Q

Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include:

A

Hx of STDs and Pelvic Inflammatory DIsease
IUCD (intra-uterine contraceptive device)
Maternal age over 40
IVF

18
Q

Recognition of Ectopic Pregnancy

A

First Trimester bleeding, abdo pain and amenorrhoea (absence or missed menstural period)
Lower abdo pain and cramping that can spread to lower back, pelvis and shoulder tip
vaginal spotting
Dizziness/fainting
Diarrohea and pain on defaction

19
Q

If an ectopic pregancy ruptures what will it lead to

A

Internal haemorrhage, hypovolemic shock, sepsis, death

As well as infertility

20
Q

What is cystits

A

UTI or bladder infection

21
Q

Difference between simple cystis and kidney infection

A

Simple cystis - Lower urinary tract

Kidney Infection - upper urinary tract

22
Q

Recogniton of Cystits

A

Painful urination (stinging/burning), frequent urge to urinate, fever, flank pain, lower abdo pain, Purulent urine, cloudy urine and haematuria

23
Q

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Diease

A

Infection of the upper female genital tract (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and surrounding structures), commonly caused by STI bacteria or bacterial infections

24
Q

How does Pelvic Inflammatory infection begin?

A

Generally begins as an infection that travels from the geneital tract to the cervix which leads to inflammation

25
Q

Symtoms of Pelivic Inflammatory Disease

A

mucoprulent cervical discharge (mucous/puss)
Intermenstrual or post-intercourse bleeding
Pain in intercourse (dyspareunia)
Low grade fever, abdo pain, vaginal discharge, pain on walking (PID shuffle), generalised signs of sepsis.

26
Q

Consequences of PID

A 
Scarring/rigidity of the reproductive tract (greater risks of complications of infertiliaty and pregnancy)
Pelvic Adhesions/scar tissue
Chronic Pain
Ovarain Abscess
Infertility
Ectopic Pregnancy
27
Q

What is Endometritis

A

Uterus lining inflammed from infection can be acute or chronic

28
Q

Acute vs Chronic Endometritis

A

Acute Endometritis is characterised by infection, high fever and purulent discharge symtoms reslove after 2 weeks
Chronic Endometritis is characterised by plasma cells in Stroma (connective tissue) well perfused by blood - ideal for bacteria growth
Common bacteria includes STI’s

29
Q

What is Endometriosis?

A

The growth of endometrial tissue on outside of uterus occurs as small fragments of tissue are “regurgitated” during menstration through the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity. These endomertial tissue implant on surfaces and grow small cystic structures

30
Q

Where does endometriosis usually devlop?

A

The outside of the ovaries, utero-sacral ligaments (outside ovaries) fallopian tubes and peritonieal surfaces

31
Q

Endometriosis symtoms

A

chronic pelvic pain
Dyspareunia (pain w/ sex)
Dsymaenorrhoea (pain during menstration)

32
Q

Endometriosis Complications

A

adhesions/scar tissue form which dont stretch and can cause pain
Compression and infiltration of pelvic nerves

33
Q

Endometriosis treatment

A

analgesia, NSAIDS, hormonal therapy oral contraceptives, progesterone or gonadotropine-releasing-hormone (GRH)

34
Q

Miscarriage Defination:

A

An interuption of pregnancy before the 24th week either spontaneous or induced. Most commonly caused in the first 12 weeks following contraception

35
Q

Contributing factors towards Miscarriages

A 
Genatic abnormalaties 
Hormonal abnormalaties
Maternal Factors 
Uterine abnormalaties 
Incompetence of the cervix (Cervix fails to protect the fetus)
36
Q

Classification of Miscarriages

There are 6 but only two are relevant to the pre-hospital setting

A

Threatend Miscarriage -> where the body is showing signs of miscarriage such as vaginal bleeding, lower abdo pain, may continue or reslove
Incomplete Miscarriage: This is where the threatned miscarriage continues further and results in a loss of the fetus. Signs inlcude increased bleeding and pain.

37
Q

Incomplete Miscarriage complications

A

The cervix dilates and products of contraception or parts of the placenta may be passed or retained by the cervix. Retained products/placenta must be removed surgically as they are a major source of infection

38
Q

Miscarriage Treatment includes

A

Supporitive measures, pain nausea and hypovolemic managements
try and estimate blood loss and collect expelled tissue

39
Q

Stilbirth Defination

A

Death of the fetus in-utero or at least 20 weeks of completed gestation that shows no-signs of life after birth

40
Q

Risk factors of still birth

A 
Smoking
Diabetes
High BP
Obese
Previous Still Birth
Over 35 years 
being over 41 weeks pregant 
hx of reproductive issues
Reduced baby movements

PARA320 (10 decks)

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