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Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal physiology > Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pathway of Gas signaling

A

Traditional PKA pathway

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2
Q

Describe the Gaq signaling pathway

A

Phospholipase C;

PIP2 → IP3 + DAG

IP3 → ER → Increase [Ca2+]i

DAG → Activate PKC

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3
Q

Which Peptide hormones use the Gas / PKA pathway?

(12 total; 4 of interest)

A
  1. Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH)
  2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  3. Human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
  4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Additional;

  1. Glucagon
  2. Calcitonin
  3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  4. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
  5. Secretin
  6. Angiotensin II (Epithelial cells)
  7. Catecholamines (B-Receptors)
  8. Vasopressin (V2 receptor, epithelial cells)
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4
Q

Which peptide hormones use the Gaq signaling pathway?

(7 total; 2 of interest)

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Additional;

  1. Thyroid-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  2. Growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF)
  3. Angiotensin II (Vascular smooth muscle)
  4. Catecholamines (a-receptor)
  5. Vasopressin (V1 receptor, vascular smooth muscle)
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5
Q

What are the (4) secondary messengers identified for specific hormones?

A
  1. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  2. Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
  3. Calcium
  4. IP3 & DAG
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6
Q

Which Hormones use IP3 & DAG signaling?

A

Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH)

Angiotensin II

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7
Q

Which hormones use calcium signaling?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)*

Antidiuretic Hromone (ADH)

Angiotensin II

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8
Q

Which hormones use cAMP signaling?

A
  1. LH*
  2. hCG*
  3. FSH*
  4. ACTH
  5. TSH
  6. ADH
  7. TRH
  8. PTH
  9. Glucagon
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9
Q

Within the ovaries, FSH primarily acts on which cell type? What enzyme does it stimulate directly?

A

FSH stimulates Aromatase activity within the Granulosa cells

*Aromatase is absent in Theca cells

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10
Q

Within the ovaries, LH acts primarily on which cell type?

What enzyme does it stimulate?

During which phase does LH act on the other cell type?

A

LH acts primarily on Theca cells and stimulates Cholesterol Desmolase activity.

LH also acts on Granulosa cells during Luteal phase

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11
Q

Describe the pathway of Estradiol synthesis from cholesterol

A

[Cholesterol Desmolase]
Chol → Pregnenolone

[3B-HSD]
Pregnenolone → Progesterone

[17a-Hydroxylase]
Progesterone → 17a-OH Progesterone

[17,20-Lyase]
17a-OH Progesterone → Androstenedione

[17B-HSD]
Androstenedione → Testosterone

[Aromatase]
Testosterone → Estradiol

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12
Q

Which enzymes are absent in Granulosa cells that are present in Theca cells?

Which steroid precursor must diffuse to the Theca cell and what is returned?

A

Granulosa cells lack 17a-Hydroxylase & 17,20-Lyase; therefore Progesterone diffuses to the Theca cells and Androstenedione is returned.

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13
Q

Which enzymes are present in Granulosa cells and not in Theca Cells?

Which reaction are Theca cells incapable of accomplishing because of this?

A

Aromatase activity is absent in Theca cells thus Testosterone cannot be converted to Estradiol.

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14
Q

What attribute leads to a follicle becoming the “Dominant Follicle”?

What does this result in?

A

The follicle with the Highest Number of FSH receptors becomes the dominant follicle. This results in an asymmetrical secretion of estradiol between ovaries.

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15
Q

Estradiol & Inhibin secretion from the dominant follicle have what effect on the other follicles?

A

Atresia of the other follicles

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16
Q

Identify the extrinsic factors influencing GnRH release

A
  1. Age & Health
  2. Environment
  3. Stress
17
Q

How does Anorexia affect GnRH release?

A

Anorexia leads to decreased adipose tissue and thus decreased Leptin levels.

The decrease in Leptin leads to a decrease in GnRH release

18
Q

Describe how stress influences GnRH

What other Neurotransmitter reduces GnRH release

A

Stress leads to an increase in CRH
→ Both Stress & CRH increase B-Endorphins

→ B-Endorphins reduce GnRH release

Dopamine also reduces GnRH release

19
Q

Which pathway increases GnRH release?

A

a1 Adrenergic

20
Q

Describe how the GnRH Pulse is produced via KNDy neurons

A

Neurokinin B (NKB) stimulates secretion of both;

  • Kisseptin
  • Dynorphin

Kisseptin stimulates GnRH release;
→GnRH Stimulates additional NKB release (Postive feedback)

Over time, Dynorphin levels increase and eventually suppresses Kisseptin and GnRH release.
These reciprocal effects result in episodic activation of KNDy neurons

21
Q

Describe the relation the Inhibin & Activin relation.

How does Follistatin contribute?

A

Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion, while Activin stimulates it.

Follistatin binds to and suppresses Activin, thereby suppressing the stimulation of FSH secretion.

22
Q

Inhibin, Activin, and Follistatin are released from which single cell type?

*Additional cells/systems produce these separately as well

A

Granulosa Cells

23
Q

During the Luteal Phase, which (2) Gonad Peptide Hormone levels increase?

A

Inhibin A & Activin

24
Q

During the Follicular Phase, which Gonad Peptide Hormone level increases?

A

Inhibin B

25
Q

Which Gonad Peptide Hormone is involved with a prenatal screening for Down Syndrome?

A

Inhibin A

26
Q

Which Gonad Peptide Hormone is involved with prediciting preterm delivery?

A

Activin

27
Q

Increased levels of which (2) Gonad Peptide Hormones can be observed with certain ovarian tumors?

A

Inhibin A & B

28
Q

Which GPH peaks with the Mid-cycle LH peak?

A

Inhibin B

29
Q

Identify the hormones associated with each color

A

Yellow: LH

Red: FSH

Blue: Estradiol

Green: Progesterone

Black: Inhibin

30
Q

Identify how Gonadotrophins & steroid hormones change from a normal cycle to a cycle with conception.

A
31
Q

Describe the Luteal-Placental Shift.

Approximately when does it occur?

A

Progesterone production shifts from the Corpus Luteum to the Placenta around 8 weeks gestation.

Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal physiology (13 decks)

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