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Human Disease > Reproductive disorders > Flashcards

Reproductive disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What does “IUI” stand for?

A

Intra Uterine Insemination

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2
Q

What is the process of IUI?

A

insemination at/after ovulation with activated sperm

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3
Q

Define “IVF”

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

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4
Q

What hormone is given before IVF treatment?

A

high doses of FSH- ovarian hyperstimulation

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5
Q

What does “PCOS” stand for?

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

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6
Q

Define “Endometriosis”

A

a condition where endometrial lining grows in various locations of the body (ectopic)

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7
Q

What does “ICSI” stand for?

A

Intra- Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

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8
Q

What is the purpose of “ICSI”?

A

to permeate oocyte cell membrane to place sperm inside the egg cell

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9
Q

Why may “ISCI” be used? (2 reasons)

A
  • low sperm count or motility

- anti-sperm antibodies

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10
Q

What are anti-sperm antibodies?

A

antibodies that inhibit the sperm from fertilising the egg

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11
Q

Why might ICSI be used with IVF? (5 reasons)

A
  • oligospermia (low sperm count)
  • TESE sperm retrieval
  • Low ovarian reserve
  • AVOID polyspermy
  • anti-sperm antibodies
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12
Q

Define “TESE”

A

Testicular Sperm Extraction

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13
Q

Define “polyspermy”

A

the egg being fertilised by more than one sperm

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14
Q

Define “blastocyst”

A

a structure that develops into an embryo and the placenta

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15
Q

What substance is used to freeze eggs and sperm?

A

Liquid nitrogen

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16
Q

Uses of cryopreservation (4 answers)

A
  • fertility preservation
  • pre-chemotherapy
  • future siblings
  • logistical
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17
Q

Why do embryologists wait an extra month before inseminating?

A

to allow the uterus to become receptive to the blastocyst

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18
Q

Define “zygote”

A

egg + sperm

19
Q

What occurs before division (meiosis)?

A

homologous pairs of single (chromatids) chromosomes form

20
Q

What occurs at interphase (meiosis)?

A

homologous pairs replicate to become chromosomes (2 pairs of sister chromatids)

21
Q

What occurs at Meiosis I?

A

homologous pair of replicated chromosomes separate into 2 separate cells

22
Q

What occurs at Meiosis II?

A

sister chromatids separate and produce 4 daughter cells

23
Q

What is a “homologous pair”?

A

two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism carrying the same genes, one from each parent

24
Q

What 2 processes occur during meiosis to increase variation?

A
  • independent segregation

- crossing over

25
Q

Define “oogenesis”

A

formation of oocytes

26
Q

Define “spermatogenesis”

A

formation of sperm

27
Q

What is the first state in oogenesis?

A

oogonium

28
Q

What is the first state in spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonium

29
Q

What is the second state in spermatogenesis before meiosis I?

A

primary spermatocyte

30
Q

What is the second state in oogenesis before meiosis I?

A

primary oocyte

31
Q

What is produced after meiosis I in spermatogenesis?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

32
Q

What is produced after meiosis I in oogenesis?

A

1 secondary oocyte + 1 polar body

33
Q

What is produced after meiosis II in spermatogenesis?

A

spermatids

34
Q

What is produced after meiosis II in oogenesis?

A

polar bodies + egg cell

35
Q

How many spermatids are produced?

A

4

36
Q

How many polar bodies are produced after meiosis II?

A

3 possibly, 2 usually

37
Q

How many egg cells are produced?

A

1

38
Q

3 key differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A
  • oogenesis is ASYMMETRIC (polar bodies produced)
  • spermatogenesis INITIATES at puberty- occurring continuously
  • oogenesis INITIATES in developing fetuses- resumes at ovulation and fertilisation
39
Q

Define “polar bodies”

A

a small HAPLOID cell formed SIMULTANEOUSLY with EGG cell- not usually having the ability to be fertilised

40
Q

What hormone stimulates the CONTINOUS production of sperm?

A

testosterone

41
Q

When is the premature egg produced?

A

before the BIRTH of the female

42
Q

When is meiosis I under arrest?

A

up until ovulation

43
Q

Are primary oocytes produced before meiosis I?

A

No

44
Q

When is meiosis II triggered?

A

by FERTILISATION

Human Disease (2 decks)

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