Reproductive disorders Flashcards
What does “IUI” stand for?
Intra Uterine Insemination
What is the process of IUI?
insemination at/after ovulation with activated sperm
Define “IVF”
In Vitro Fertilisation
What hormone is given before IVF treatment?
high doses of FSH- ovarian hyperstimulation
What does “PCOS” stand for?
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Define “Endometriosis”
a condition where endometrial lining grows in various locations of the body (ectopic)
What does “ICSI” stand for?
Intra- Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
What is the purpose of “ICSI”?
to permeate oocyte cell membrane to place sperm inside the egg cell
Why may “ISCI” be used? (2 reasons)
- low sperm count or motility
- anti-sperm antibodies
What are anti-sperm antibodies?
antibodies that inhibit the sperm from fertilising the egg
Why might ICSI be used with IVF? (5 reasons)
- oligospermia (low sperm count)
- TESE sperm retrieval
- Low ovarian reserve
- AVOID polyspermy
- anti-sperm antibodies
Define “TESE”
Testicular Sperm Extraction
Define “polyspermy”
the egg being fertilised by more than one sperm
Define “blastocyst”
a structure that develops into an embryo and the placenta
What substance is used to freeze eggs and sperm?
Liquid nitrogen
Uses of cryopreservation (4 answers)
- fertility preservation
- pre-chemotherapy
- future siblings
- logistical
Why do embryologists wait an extra month before inseminating?
to allow the uterus to become receptive to the blastocyst
Define “zygote”
egg + sperm
What occurs before division (meiosis)?
homologous pairs of single (chromatids) chromosomes form
What occurs at interphase (meiosis)?
homologous pairs replicate to become chromosomes (2 pairs of sister chromatids)
What occurs at Meiosis I?
homologous pair of replicated chromosomes separate into 2 separate cells
What occurs at Meiosis II?
sister chromatids separate and produce 4 daughter cells
What is a “homologous pair”?
two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism carrying the same genes, one from each parent
What 2 processes occur during meiosis to increase variation?
- independent segregation
- crossing over
Define “oogenesis”
formation of oocytes
Define “spermatogenesis”
formation of sperm
What is the first state in oogenesis?
oogonium
What is the first state in spermatogenesis?
spermatogonium
What is the second state in spermatogenesis before meiosis I?
primary spermatocyte
What is the second state in oogenesis before meiosis I?
primary oocyte
What is produced after meiosis I in spermatogenesis?
2 secondary spermatocytes
What is produced after meiosis I in oogenesis?
1 secondary oocyte + 1 polar body
What is produced after meiosis II in spermatogenesis?
spermatids
What is produced after meiosis II in oogenesis?
polar bodies + egg cell
How many spermatids are produced?
4
How many polar bodies are produced after meiosis II?
3 possibly, 2 usually
How many egg cells are produced?
1
3 key differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis
- oogenesis is ASYMMETRIC (polar bodies produced)
- spermatogenesis INITIATES at puberty- occurring continuously
- oogenesis INITIATES in developing fetuses- resumes at ovulation and fertilisation
Define “polar bodies”
a small HAPLOID cell formed SIMULTANEOUSLY with EGG cell- not usually having the ability to be fertilised
What hormone stimulates the CONTINOUS production of sperm?
testosterone
When is the premature egg produced?
before the BIRTH of the female
When is meiosis I under arrest?
up until ovulation
Are primary oocytes produced before meiosis I?
No
When is meiosis II triggered?
by FERTILISATION
