Reproductive disorders

Question 1

What does “IUI” stand for?

Answer 1

Intra Uterine Insemination

Question 2

What is the process of IUI?

Answer 2

insemination at/after ovulation with activated sperm

Question 3

Define “IVF”

Answer 3

In Vitro Fertilisation

Question 4

What hormone is given before IVF treatment?

Answer 4

high doses of FSH- ovarian hyperstimulation

Question 5

What does “PCOS” stand for?

Answer 5

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Question 6

Define “Endometriosis”

Answer 6

a condition where endometrial lining grows in various locations of the body (ectopic)

Question 7

What does “ICSI” stand for?

Answer 7

Intra- Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Question 8

What is the purpose of “ICSI”?

Answer 8

to permeate oocyte cell membrane to place sperm inside the egg cell

Question 9

Why may “ISCI” be used? (2 reasons)

Answer 9

• low sperm count or motility

- anti-sperm antibodies

Question 10

What are anti-sperm antibodies?

Answer 10

antibodies that inhibit the sperm from fertilising the egg

Question 11

Why might ICSI be used with IVF? (5 reasons)

Answer 11

• oligospermia (low sperm count)
• TESE sperm retrieval
• Low ovarian reserve
• AVOID polyspermy
• anti-sperm antibodies

Question 12

Define “TESE”

Answer 12

Testicular Sperm Extraction

Question 13

Define “polyspermy”

Answer 13

the egg being fertilised by more than one sperm

Question 14

Define “blastocyst”

Answer 14

a structure that develops into an embryo and the placenta

Question 15

What substance is used to freeze eggs and sperm?

Answer 15

Liquid nitrogen

Question 16

Uses of cryopreservation (4 answers)

Answer 16

• fertility preservation
• pre-chemotherapy
• future siblings
• logistical

Question 17

Why do embryologists wait an extra month before inseminating?

Answer 17

to allow the uterus to become receptive to the blastocyst

Question 18

Define “zygote”

Answer 18

egg + sperm

Question 19

What occurs before division (meiosis)?

Answer 19

homologous pairs of single (chromatids) chromosomes form

Question 20

What occurs at interphase (meiosis)?

Answer 20

homologous pairs replicate to become chromosomes (2 pairs of sister chromatids)

Question 21

What occurs at Meiosis I?

Answer 21

homologous pair of replicated chromosomes separate into 2 separate cells

Question 22

What occurs at Meiosis II?

Answer 22

sister chromatids separate and produce 4 daughter cells

Question 23

What is a “homologous pair”?

Answer 23

two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism carrying the same genes, one from each parent

Question 24

What 2 processes occur during meiosis to increase variation?

Answer 24

• independent segregation

- crossing over

Question 25

Define "oogenesis"

Answer 25

formation of oocytes

Question 26

Define "spermatogenesis"

Answer 26

formation of sperm

Question 27

What is the first state in oogenesis?

Answer 27

oogonium

Question 28

What is the first state in spermatogenesis?

Answer 28

spermatogonium

Question 29

What is the second state in spermatogenesis before meiosis I?

Answer 29

primary spermatocyte

Question 30

What is the second state in oogenesis before meiosis I?

Answer 30

primary oocyte

Question 31

What is produced after meiosis I in spermatogenesis?

Answer 31

2 secondary spermatocytes

Question 32

What is produced after meiosis I in oogenesis?

Answer 32

1 secondary oocyte + 1 polar body

Question 33

What is produced after meiosis II in spermatogenesis?

Answer 33

spermatids

Question 34

What is produced after meiosis II in oogenesis?

Answer 34

polar bodies + egg cell

Question 35

How many spermatids are produced?

Answer 35

4

Question 36

How many polar bodies are produced after meiosis II?

Answer 36

3 possibly, 2 usually

Question 37

How many egg cells are produced?

Answer 37

1

Question 38

3 key differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Answer 38

- oogenesis is ASYMMETRIC (polar bodies produced) - spermatogenesis INITIATES at puberty- occurring continuously - oogenesis INITIATES in developing fetuses- resumes at ovulation and fertilisation

Question 39

Define "polar bodies"

Answer 39

a small HAPLOID cell formed SIMULTANEOUSLY with EGG cell- not usually having the ability to be fertilised

Question 40

What hormone stimulates the CONTINOUS production of sperm?

Answer 40

testosterone

Question 41

When is the premature egg produced?

Answer 41

before the BIRTH of the female

Question 42

When is meiosis I under arrest?

Answer 42

up until ovulation

Question 43

Are primary oocytes produced before meiosis I?

Answer 43

No

Question 44

When is meiosis II triggered?

Answer 44

by FERTILISATION