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Human Disease > Microbiology and Host Immune Response > Flashcards

Microbiology and Host Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bacterium?

A

a simple unicellular prokaryote

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2
Q

Through what process do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission

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3
Q

What do bacteria use to obtain energy?

A

photosynthesis or inorganic substances

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4
Q

Where do the organic chemicals used by bacteria, come from?

A

dead or living organisms

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5
Q

What are archaea?

A

prokaryotes that live under extreme conditions

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6
Q

What are methanogens?

A

produce methane as a waste product of respiration

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7
Q

What are extreme halophiles?

A

organisms that survive under salty conditions

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8
Q

What are extreme thermophiles?

A

organisms that survive under hot SULFUROUS conditions

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9
Q

Can archaea cause diseases to humans?

A

No

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10
Q

Some archaea have cell walls, what do they lack?

A

peptidoglycan (murein)

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11
Q

What are fungi?

A

eukaryotes that are either UNICELLULAR or MULTICELLULAR

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12
Q

Can fungi photosynthesise?

A

No

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13
Q

What are fungal cell walls composed of?

A

chitin

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14
Q

What are bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

peptidoglycan (murein)

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15
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

sexually and asexually

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16
Q

How do fungi obtain nourishment?

A

absorbs organic material from the environment

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17
Q

What is a common fungus?

A

moulds

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18
Q

What is slime mould?

A

mould with characteristics of FUNGI and AMEBAE

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19
Q

What are protozoa?

A

unicellular eukaryotes

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20
Q

What do protozoa use to move? (3 answers)

A
  • pseudopods
  • flagella
  • cilia
21
Q

What are parasites?

A

organisms that derive nutrients from living hosts

22
Q

Examples of parasites? (2 answers)

A
  • protozoa

- viruses

23
Q

Where do protozoa absorb organic compounds from?

A

environment

24
Q

Can protozoa photosynthesise?

A

Yes

25
Q

Where do protozoa carbon dioxide from?

A

sugars

26
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

sexually and asexually

27
Q

What are algae?

A

photosynthetic unicellular eukaryotes

28
Q

How do algae reproduce?

A

sexually and asexually

29
Q

What are algal cell walls composed of?

A

cellulose

30
Q

Do algae require organic compounds from the environment?

A

No

31
Q

Where are algae most abundant? (4 answers)

A
  • freshwater
  • saltwater
  • soil
  • associated with plants
32
Q

What are viruses?

A

small simple acellular parasites

33
Q

Why do viruses need a host

A

they are inert without one

34
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
35
Q

Benefits of microbes? (4 reasons)

A
  • used in vaccines and gene therapy
  • make up gut flora
  • decompose waste
  • used in food
36
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek discover?

A

protozoa and bacteria

37
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek discover first?

A

protozoa (it was bigger)

38
Q

Define “spontaneous generation”

A

forms of life arise spontaneously from non-living matter

39
Q

What did Redi discover?

A

maggots did not generate spontaneously

40
Q

What was the 1st step in REDI’S experiment?

A

fill 2 jars with DECAYING meat- 1st unsealed (flies lay eggs), 2nd sealed (flies cannot enter)

41
Q

What was Redi’s second experiment?

A

a jar was covered with a fine net with no seal; no larvae present

42
Q

What was Needham’s experiment?

A

chicken and corn broths with microorganisms present

43
Q

What did Virchow find out?

A

the theory of biogenesis

44
Q

What was concluded from the experiment with flasks of beef broths left open?

A

microbes in the air contaminate non-living matter

45
Q

What did Pasteur find out about yeast?

A

they convert sugars into alcohol in the absence of air

46
Q

In the presence of air, what do bacteria convert alcohol into?

A

acetic acid (vinegar)

47
Q

Who developed the vaccine?

A

Jenner

48
Q

What do vaccines do to pathogens?

A

cause them to lose VIRULENCE

Human Disease (2 decks)

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