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Animals Repro > Reproductive Behaviour lec 13 > Flashcards

Reproductive Behaviour lec 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of reproduction behaviour

A

Purpose - to promote the opportunity for copulation and thus increase the probability that sperm and egg will meet

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2
Q

What 3 distinct stages of behaviour do males have?

A
  1. the pre-copulatory stage
  2. the copulatory stage
  3. the post copulatory stage
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3
Q

What is involved in the precopulatory behaviour?

A

search for sexual parter
courtship
sexual arousal
erection
penile protrusion

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4
Q

What is involved in the copulatory behaviour?

A

Mounting
intromission
ejaculation

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5
Q

What is involved in postcopulatory behaviour

A

Dismount
refractory period
memory

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6
Q

What are some examples of male courtship in 3 animals?

A

Horse -
Search = visual search and flehmen
Courtship = high degree of excitement
Consummation = Penile protrusion with preejaculatory expulssion of seminal fluid

Bull
Search = approach sexual active group of females, testing for lordosis flehman
Courtship = nuzzling, licking perinal region, lordsis, chin resting
Consummation = penile protrusion with dribbling of seminal fluid, erection and attempted mountd

Ram
search - sniffing and licking of ano-gential region, nudging ewe, flehman
courtship - neck outstretched
Consummation- repeared dorsal elevation of scrotum, penile protrusion with dibbling

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7
Q

What are some examples of male courtship in 3 animals?

A

Horse -
Search = visual search and flehmen
Courtship = high degree of excitement
Consummation = Penile protrusion with preejaculatory expulssion of seminal fluid

Bull
Search = approach sexual active group of females, testing for lordosis flehman
Courtship = nuzzling, licking perinal region, lordsis, chin resting
Consummation = penile protrusion with dribbling of seminal fluid, erection and attempted mountd

Ram
search - sniffing and licking of ano-gential region, nudging ewe, flehman
courtship - neck outstretched
Consummation- repeared dorsal elevation of scrotum, penile protrusion with dibbling

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8
Q

What are females distinct behaviours of reproduction?

A

Attractivity - attract males e.g. postures,
vocalisations, behaviours and pheromones -
engage male precopulatory behaviour

proceptivity - stimulate male to copulate e.g. head butting of male, mounting the male and female-female mounting

Receptivity copulatory behaviour of females that ensures insemination e.g. Standing oestrus or lordosis, tail deviation and backing up towards the
male.

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of females behaviors in animals

A

cow
search - increased locomotion, increased vocalisation, twitching and elevation of the tail
courtship - increased grooming, mounting attempts on females
consummation- homosexual mounting and standing to be mounts

Mare
search - increased locomotion - tail ereceted
courtship - urination stance
consummation - presents hindquarters to male, clitoral exposure by labial eversion, pulsatile contraction of labia

ewe
search - short periods of restlessness, seeking
courtship - urination in presence of ram
consummation - immobile stance

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10
Q

When do females display reproductive behaviours?

A

During oestrous, females indicates to the male - male is searching for signs from the female

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11
Q

How do male and female brains different?

A
  • Male pre-optic area of the hypothalamus
    is larger than in females
  • Size of neurons, the neuron nuclei and
    amount of branching is greater in males
    than females.
  • The ventromedial hypothalamus is more
    important in females in regards to
    reproductive behaviour.
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12
Q

True or false, during embryogenesis the brain is programmed to be gender neutral?

A

true

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13
Q

when does the sexual differentiation occur?

How?!

A

early embryo is neutral - under small influence of E2 = feminised. This is achieved because the Alpha-fetoprotein prevents fetal and maternal E2 (estrogen) from crossing the blood barrie and entering the brain when this is prevent becomes fully feminised.

In Males high concentration of E2 = defiminise and masculinisation of the brains - means reduces the likelihood that animal will express female-like behaviour

  • it does not bind to Testosterone which then enters the brain and is converted to E2.
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14
Q

how do cows show behavioural oestrus activity?

A

increase physical activity
when a cow is in oestrus - number of steps she takes increases dramatically around time of ovulation

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15
Q

how do they tell different ways of oestrus?

A
  1. epithelial cells in urination
  2. testing faeces for progesterone peaks indicate ovulation - only occur if CL is present (luteal phase)
  3. Running/locomotion activity increased
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16
Q

What is the most dominant sign of oestrus?

A
  1. elevated levels of estrogen because of a dominant follicle - about to ovulate - having an effect on the behaviour of the animals - most predominant signs is
    Lordosis (mating
    posture) by the
    female triggers sexual
    arousal in the male –
    the male usually
    detects this visually
    as the female stands
    postured ready to
    accept him –
    “standing oestrus”
    e.g. cow, mare or
    koala
  2. Homosexual behaviour
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17
Q

How is reproductive behaviour controlled?

A

Male - testosterone is converted to oestradiol in the brain as T is produced continuously this means that’s oestradiol is always available and males can initiate reproduction at any stage

females can only initiate reproductive behaviour in periods of high oestradiol production

  1. Sensory stimulus/inputs e.g. lordosis
    visual, olfactory, auditory and tactile
  2. input into the hypothalamus, around the time the animal is in oestrus - there are estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus increase of estrogen

When there is elevated levels of E2 in circulation - nerves get highly excitable. produce specific peptides that results in specific behaviours. They get processed in mid brain, move down into medulla = coordinate posture = skeletal muscles = lordosis and mounting.

18
Q

What systems respond to pheromones?

A

olfactory and vomeronasal

triggers that initiate reproductive behaviours are secretions from females such as vaginal and urinary.

Oestrus smells are different than non-estrous

19
Q

Do males produce sex hormones?

A

yes, attract and stimulate females

boars - found in preputial pouch and saliva secreted by the submaxillary salivary gland

During sexual activity, the boar produces foamy saliva - the
active constituents of saliva are 3a-androstenol and 5aandrostenone - both have a musk-like odour.

20
Q

What is flehmen behaviour and how does it work?

A

Less volatile pheromones
are aspirated into the oral
cavity and detected by the
vomeronasal organ.
The flehmen response
(curling of the lip) is used
to block off the nostrils so
that pheromones can be
sucked in over the
vomeronasal organs via
the nasopalatine duct

21
Q

What organ detects flehmen behaviour?

A

vomeronasal organ

22
Q

How does auditory stimulation serve as lng-range signal?

A

carry over long distances

  1. Sexual readiness is often signaled by unique vocalisation such as amphibians, dunarts
  2. cows bellow more at oestrus - female koalas
  3. Occurs in solitary species to attract attention
23
Q

how does visual signals serve importance to reproductive behaviour?

A

Males stimulated by mating acting of
others or homosexual behaviour

  • Some visual displays are hard to explain
    e.g. The Koala – hiccoughing / jerking
    behaviour
  • Many visual cues involve subtle posturing
    that are relevant only to that species –
    standing oestrus + lordosis is a big turn on
24
Q

How does tactile stimulation play apart in reproductive behaviour?

A
  • Neck biting is sexually stimulating in mares
  • Neck biting occurs in a variety of species in order to stabilize the female in to a sexual posture ready for copulation e.g. cat and koala – non receptive
    females will struggle free from these encounters
  • Rubbing the flanks or genitalia of mares (by the stallion or by a human) evokes oestrous behaviour -also true in ewes and does which showing pawing behaviour to test whether ewe or doe will stand
  • It is thought that chin-resting by the bull on the back
    of a cow just prior to mounting may have some stimulatory effect on the cow
25
Q

What is sexual arousal followed by?

A

erection and penile protrusion

26
Q

How does penile protrusion occur?

A

following exposure to arousal stimuli, erection and penile protrusion occurs - penis needs to be erect (ridgid) to deposit semen in the females reproductive tract.

respond of vasodilation of blood into the penis when compared to vasoconstriction (prevents blood from leaving) blood pressure within penis increases.

27
Q

how do bull, ram and boar’s penis differ from stallion?

A

r (fibroelastic penis) increased blood
flow during erection is accompanied by a simultaneous relaxation of the retractor penis muscles that straightened out the sigmoid flexure.

In contrast, the penis of the stallion increases significantly during erection – the stallion does not have a sigmoid flexure

28
Q

What is the process of erection?

A
  1. flaccid penis -
  2. Sexual arousal

Blood fills the lacunar spaces inside the penis into the spaces between Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum (smaller) - tunic albinea space.

Blood is supplied to the penis via the penile artery, splits into cavernous arteries supplying the corpora cavernosa and urethral arteries supplying corpus spongiousum.

  1. vasodilation of helicine arteries (increase blood flow) carrying blood

causes contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscles compress penile veins blocking venous return

  1. increase in blood flow to cavernous tissue and decrease in venous outflow
  2. Ejactulation occurs - muscles associated bulbospongiosus and ischicavernosis contractions
  3. venous outflow
    blood carried out by superficial and deep dorsal veins, cavernosal veins
29
Q

What are the two muscles in the penis

A

Corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum (smaller)

surrounded by tunica albuginea

30
Q

does parasympathetic nerves cause erection or flaccid penis?

A

Sympathetic - flaccid - muscles contract

Parasympathetic - erect as muscles relax

31
Q

What is copulators?

A

Short copulators - 1min e.g. bull and ram

Long copulators - many minutes - Boar

copulation type is related to sperm concentration in the ejaculation and ease of ability to collect semen via AV and EJ

32
Q

What is intromission?

A

the enterance of the penis into the vagina

33
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

expulsion of semen from the penis into the female reproductive tract

34
Q

What is sexual satiation -

A

condition where further
stimuli will not cause immediate
responsiveness or motivation to mate –
however re-stimulation may occur after the
refractory period

35
Q

What is exhaustion in relation to reproduction?

A

Exhaustion – no further sexual behaviour
(libido) can be induced even when sufficient
stimuli are present

36
Q

How do dogs coitus differ from other mammals?

A

bulbous gland - “tie” swells - causing them to be stuck together for up to 45 minutes

37
Q

How does ejactulation occur

A

neural reflex only occuring at level of spinal cord

  1. intromission - when entering vulva forms neural reflex. Neural message is sent via afferent neurones to the spinal cord, due to the glands penis neurons that are highly sensitive to temperature and pressure.
  2. Motor neurons react sending signal to contract/stimulation of muscles (ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus AND urethralis muscle - important work in coordination together)
  3. resulting in expulsion of seman
38
Q

what 3 muscles are involved in ejaculation?

A
  1. Bulbospongiosus
  2. Ischiocavernosus
  3. Urethralis Muscle
39
Q

What is involved in postcopulatory behaviour?

A
  1. dismounting behaviour - koala male signifies by biting shoulder blade to signal he has stopped.
  2. Refractory period – time during which a
    second copulation will not take place –
    can be manipulated
  3. Many species display specific
    postcopulatory behaviour such as vocal
    emissions, genital grooming etc (e.g. cat)
40
Q

What is the coolidge effect?

A

sexual interest wanes off with same female

change location
change female

41
Q

How do you optimise the best sperm collection?

A

sexual preparation prolongs the precopulatory stage and increases sperm output

Animals Repro (8 decks)

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