reproductive anatomy Flashcards
describe the venous drainage of the gonads
left: left ovarian/spermatic vein to left renal vein to IVC
right: right ovarian/spermatic vein to IVC
on which side of the body are varicoceles more common and why?
left side. left spermatic vein enters the left renal vein at a 90 degree angle- flow is less continuous and left venous pressure is greater than right venous pressure, so varicoceles are more common on the left.
what is the lymphatic drainage of the reproductive organs? (hint: different parts drain to different nodes)
ovaries and testes drain to the para-aortic nodes
distal vagina, vulva, and scrotum all drain to the superficial inguinal nodes
uterus and proximal vagina drain to the obturator, external iliac, and hypogastric nodes
infundibulopelvic ligament: what does it connect, what does it contain, and clinical relevance
aka suspensory ligabment of the ovaries
connects the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall and contains the ovarian vessels. note that you must ligate the vessels during oophorectomy to avoid bleeding
ureter courses retroperitoneally, close to the gonadal vessels. it may be injured during ligation of the ovarian vessels.
cardinal ligament: what does it connect, what does it contain, clinical relevance
cardinal ligament connects the cervix to the side wall of the pelvis and contains the uterine vessels
the ureter is at risk of injury during ligation of the uterine vessels in hysterectomy
what is the blood supply to the ureter? what about in kidney transplant?
proximal 1/3 is supplied by renal artery
distal 2/3 receives blood supply from aorta and iliac arteries, and (maybe some from gonadal arteries)
in transplant, donor renal artery is anastamosed with recipient external iliac artery
renal vein is connected to the external iliac vein
What is the course of the ureter
passes over the external iliacs and under the gondal vessels and lateral to the internal iliac. runs along the posterior inferior lateral wall of the pelvis. then it passes anteriorly to enter the bladder through the uretovesicle valves. they prevent urine backflow.
kidney stones often get blocked near the iliac bifurcation
anatomic narrowings:
1. at the hilum
2. midureter as it passes over the iliac bones
3. uretopelvic junction where the ureters enter the bladder
round ligament of the uterus: connections, contents, notes
uterine fundus to labia majora
it is derived from the gubernaculum and travels through t the round inguinal canal above the artery of sampson.
broad ligament of the uterus: connections, contents, notes
connects the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries to the pelvic side wall. it contains the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and round ligament of the uterus. it contains the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and round ligament of the uterus.
it has several components: the mesosalpinx, mesometrium, and mesovarium
ovarian ligament: connections, contents, notes
connects the medial pole of the ovary to the lateral uterus. no contents. derived from the the gubernaculum.
histology of the transformation zone of the cervix
ectocervix looks just like vagina- stratified squamous epithelium, nonkeritinized
endocervix has simple columnar epithelium (just like the uterus, though the uterus also has long tubular glands)
this is the most common area for cervical cancer
What is the histology of the outer surface of the ovary?
simple cuboidal epithelium
how do male erections occur? include the name of the nerve
pelvic nerve is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. NO causes an incr. in cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation –> erection. sildenafil and vardenafil inhibit cGMP breakdown
in contrast, NE increases inctracellular calcium, which casues smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction.
emission vs. ejaculation; what controls these processes? include nerves
emission is when sperm moves from the testes to the prostatic urethra
ejaculation is when sperm moves from the prostatic urethra to the outside world.
emission is controlled by sympathetics and the hypogastric nerve
ejaculation is controled by pudendal nerve (visceral and somatics)
