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Step 1 (Steffanie) > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is a communicating hydrocele?

A

Accumulation of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis in the setting of a patent processus vaginalis

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2
Q

Process that results in a bicornuate uterus

A

Incomplete lateral fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

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3
Q

Menotropin

A

Treatment option for infertility that acts like FSH and triggers the formation of a dominant ovarian follicle

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4
Q

The use of hCG therapy mimics which physiologic event?

A

LH surge - induces ovulation

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5
Q

Mechanism of ovarian torsion

A

Typically involves twisting of the infundibulopelvic ligament (suspensory ligament of the ovary), often due to the weight of a large adnexal mass

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6
Q

Which hormone prevents lactation during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

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7
Q

Clomiphene

A

An estrogen receptor modulator that decreases negative feedback inhibition on the hypotahalamus by circulating estrogen, thereby increasing gonadotropin production

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8
Q

Most common cause of bloody nipple discharge

A

Intraductal papilloma - proliferation of papillary cells in a cyst wall or duct that may contain focal atypia

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9
Q

Unilateral painful cystic lesion in the lower vestibule adjacent to the vagina. Typically in a woman of reproductive age.

A

Bartholin cyst and abscess

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10
Q

Low risk HPV subtypes

A

6 and 11

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11
Q

High risk HPV subtypes

A

16
18
31
33

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12
Q

Microscopic finding associated with HPV

A

Koilocytes

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13
Q

Pocelain-white plaques with a red or violet border. Typically seen in postmenopausal women.

A

Lichen sclerosus

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14
Q

Lichen sclerosus increases risk for?

A

SCC

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15
Q

Leathery, thick vulvar skin

A

Lichen simplex chronicus

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16
Q

Pruritus, erythema, crusting, ulcers of the vulva

A

Extramammary Paget disease

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17
Q

Differential diagnosis for extramammary Paget disease

A

Melanoma

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18
Q

How do you distinguish between extramammary Paget disease and melanoma of the vulva?

A

Paget cells: PAS+, keratin +, S100-

Melanoma: PAS-, keratin -, S100+

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19
Q

There is an increased incidence of adenosis in what population of patients?

A

Females exposed to DES in utero

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20
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

A

Affects women who had exposure to DES in utero

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21
Q

Biopsy findings that show cytoplasmic cross striations and positive IHC staining for desmin and myoglobin

A

Rhabdomyoblast - cells of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

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22
Q

LN spread from a tumor in the lower 2/3 of the vagina

A

Inguinal nodes

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23
Q

LN spread from a tumor in the upper 1/3 of the vagina

A

Regional iliac nodes

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24
Q

Exocervix is lined by?

A

Squamous epithelium

25
Q

Endocervix is lined by?

A

Columnar epithelium

26
Q

HPV

A

DNA virus

27
Q

What occurs with high risk HPV subtypes?

A

They produce E6 and E7 which cause destruction of p53 and Rb

28
Q

Classic presentation of cervical carcinoma?

A

Vaginal bleeding in a middle aged woman

29
Q

Risk factors for cervical carcinoma?

A

High risk HPV (16/18), smoking, immunodeficiency

30
Q

What is the characteristic cell of chronic endometritis?

A

Plasma cell

31
Q

Multiple, well defined white whirled masses

A

Leiomyoma (fibroid)

32
Q

What stimulates the theca cells?

A

LH

33
Q

What stimulates the granulosa cells?

A

FSH

34
Q

LH:FSH>2

A

PCOS

35
Q

What kind of cancer are pts with PCOS at increased risk for?

A

Endometrial carcinoma - due to high circulating levels of estrone

36
Q

What kind of ovarian tumor is commonly seen in pts with BRCA1 mutation?

A

serous carcinoma of ovary and fallopian tube

37
Q

CA-125

A

Serum marker for surface epithelial ovarian tumors

38
Q

What causes hypospadias?

A

Failure of urethral folds to close

39
Q

What causes epispadias?

A

Abnormal positioning of the genital tubercle. Associated with bladder exstrophy

40
Q

What causes Lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3

41
Q

Name the precursor lesions of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

A

Bowen disease (shaft), erythroplasia of queyrat (glans), bowenoid papulosis

42
Q

Complications of cryptoorchidism

A

Testicular atrophy with infertility and increased risk of seminoma

43
Q

Cause of a varicocele

A

Dilation of spermatic veins due to impaired drainage

44
Q

Varicocele is associated with?

A

Left sided renal cell carcinoma

45
Q

Cellular description of seminoma

A

Large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei

46
Q

Gross description of seminoma

A

Homogenous mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis

47
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor in children?

A

Yolk sac tumor

48
Q

What is elevated with yolk sac tumors?

A

AFP

49
Q

Malignant tumor of synctiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts

A

Choriocarcinoma

50
Q

How does choriocarcinoma spread?

A

Rapidly via the blood

51
Q

Characteristic histology of leydig cell tumor

A

Reinke crystals

52
Q

Most common cause of testicular mass in males > 60 years

A

Lymphoma, usually bilateral and diffuse large B-cell type

53
Q

What location of the prostate does BPH occur?

A

In the periurethral zone

54
Q

Possible treatments for BPH

A
  1. alpha 1 antagonist (terazosin) to relax smooth muscle
  2. selective alpha 1a antagonists (tamsulosin) in normotensive pt
  3. 5alpha reductase inhibitor
55
Q

Malignant proliferation of prostatic glands

A

Prostate adenocarcinoma

56
Q

Risk factors of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

Age, race, diet high in saturated fats

57
Q

Where is the most common location for prostate adenocarcinoma?

A

Posterior periphery of the prostate

58
Q

Where does prostate cancer commonly spread?

A

Lumbar spine - osteoblastic metastases

59
Q

What mediations can be used to treat prostate cancer?

A

Continuous GnRH analongs (Leuprolide)

Androgen receptor inhibitor (Flutamide)

Step 1 (Steffanie) (21 decks)

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