Reproductive

Question 1

natural family planning

Answer 1

• calender/rhythm, cervical mucous, sympothermal, breast feed, abstinence
• pro: no drugs, cheap, fertility + body awareness
• con: higher motivation, req. abstinence, harder menses, no STD protection

Question 2

barrier methods

Answer 2

• chemical: spermicide

- mechanical: m + F condom, sponge, diaphragm, cervical cap, Lea’s shield

Question 3

Barrier method pros/cons

Answer 3

• pros: no systemic hormoes, some on Rx and OTC, some provide STD protection
• con: coitus related, may interfere with sensation, allergies, may cause irritation, may rely on other partner for cooperation, may req. skill

Question 4

hormonal contraception

Answer 4

• oral
• injectable progestin, implant, transdermal
• vaginal ring, emergency (within 72 hrs)

Question 5

hormonal contraception pros/cons

Answer 5

• pro: higher protection rates, less skill, unrelated to intercourse, some continued protection, less error
• con: may have higher initial costs, req. a Rx, no STD protection, hormonal SEs

Question 6

intrauterine devices pros/cons

Answer 6

• hormonal -small amounts of Progestin locally, non-hormonal- copper IUD
• pro: low long term cost, in place at all times, higher protection rate, may decrease menses, unrelated to coitus
• con: higher upfront cost, potential SE, no STD protection, can be spontaneously expelled

Question 7

sterilization

Answer 7

• female -tubal sterilization/ male-vasectomy
• pro: permanent, low long term cost higher protection rate
• con: high upfront costs, no STD protection, reversal difficult, surgical complications

Question 8

subfertility

Answer 8

prolonged time to conceive

Question 9

implications in seeking help for infertility

Answer 9

• importance of having baby
• sharing intimate info
• finances
• personal ethics
• commitment for involvement

Question 10

reactions to infertility depend on

Answer 10

• social, cultural, religious
• difficulty of treatment
• prob. of success
• finances

Question 11

factors affecting male fertility

Answer 11

• infection
• hormone abnormalities
• toxins
• meds
• illicit drugs
• immunological disorders
• elevated scrotal temp

Question 12

factors affecting female fertility

Answer 12

• disorders of ovulation
• abnormalities of fallopian tubes (endometriosis, adhesions, structural)
• abnorm. of cervix: abnormal mucus, polyps, scarring

Question 13

repeated pregnancy causes r/t

Answer 13

• fetal chromosome abnorm.
• abnorm. of cervix/uterus
• endocrine prob
• immunological
• Environmental: Accutane
• infections

Question 14

non-medical infertility treatments

Answer 14

• use only water-soluble lubs
• men should avoid hot baths, saunas, tight pants
• women with immune reactions to sperm can use a condom for 6-12 months

Question 15

infertility-surgical

Answer 15

• laparoscopy
• hystrosalpingogram
• fibroid resection

Question 16

medications

Answer 16

• ovulatory stimulants: clomiphene (Clomid)
• human menopausal gonadotropin (pergonal)
• pure FSH (Metrodin)
• hormone replacement

Question 17

menopause

Answer 17

• 40-55 average 51 yrs

- SS: hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, vaginal atrophy, osteoporosis

Question 18

osteoporosis r/f

Answer 18

• heavy alcohol intake
• decrease in estrogen
• small frame, race, family Hx, smoking, caffeine use, meds, poor calcium intake, sedentary lifestyle, menarche timing

Question 19

osteoporosis manifestations and Tx

Answer 19

• dowager’s hump, loss of height

- Tx: drug therapy, Ca + Vit D, exercise

Question 20

pelvic floor prolapse

Answer 20

• uterine r/t birth
• cystocele= bladder
• enterocele= piece of bowel
• rectocele= rectum

Question 21

disorders of reproductive tract

Answer 21

• cervical polyps
• uterine leiomyoma
• ovarian cysts
• malignancies