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s and f > reproductive > Flashcards

reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

testes: location `

A

outside of the body for optimal spermatogenesis temperature

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2
Q

testes: endocrine function

A

interstitial cells of leydig produce testosterone

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3
Q

testes: exocrine function

A

seminiferous tubules produce sperm

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4
Q

path from seminiferous tubules to ductus deferens

A

seminiferous tubules –> tubulus rectus –> rete testis –> efferent ductules –> ductus deferens

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5
Q

tunica albuginea: male

A
  • inner covering of testes, made of dense irregular CT
  • thickens posteriorly to form mediastinum testis
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6
Q

tunica vaginalis: male

A
  • outer mesothelium of testes
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7
Q

seminiferous tubules: tunica propria

A

peritubular tissue with myoid cells, which make peristaltic waves to move sperm and testicular fluid

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8
Q

spermatogonia: location, characteristics

A
  • adjacent to basement membrane
  • undifferentiated male germ cells that undergo mitotic division
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9
Q

primary spermatocytes: location, characteristics

A
  • occupy middle 1/3 of germinal epithelium
  • diploid w/ 46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids
  • undergo reductional division to produce secondary spermatocytes
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10
Q

secondary spermatocytes: characteristics

A
  • haploid with 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids
  • undergo second meiotic division (equational, separating sister chromatids) to produce spermatids
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11
Q

spermatids: location, characteristics

A
  • at luminal surface
  • one secondary spermatocyte produces 2 spermatids w/ 23 chromosomes and 23 chromatids
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12
Q

spermeogenesis: golgi phase

A
  • acrosomal vesicle w/ hydrolytic enzymes + centrioles begin forming flagellum
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13
Q

spermeogenesis: cap phase

A
  • acrosomal vesicle binds and spreads over nuclear envelope, forming acrosomal cap
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14
Q

spermeogenesis: acrosome phase

A
  • nucleus condenses, flattens, elongates
  • cytoplasm is displaced
  • mitochondria form sheath around flagellum
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15
Q

spermeogenesis: maturation phase

A

sertoli cells remove excess cytoplasm, sperm released into lumen

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16
Q

ovarian cycle: theca cell in follicular phase

A
  • LH binding
  • synthesis of androtenedione from cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> progesterone
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17
Q

ovarian cycle: granulosa cell in follicular phase

A
  • FSH binding induces production of aromatase, LHRs on granulosa cells
  • aromatase converts androstenedione to estradiol
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18
Q

ovarian cycle: theca-lutein cells

A
  • continue to produce androstenedione from cholesterol
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19
Q

ovarian cycle: granulosa-lutein cells

A
  • continue to produce estrogens from androgens
  • LH now stimulates production of progesterone from cholesterol
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20
Q

menstrual cycle: menses hormones

A
  • estrogen and inhibin: - feedback on FSH
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21
Q

menstrual cycle: proliferative phase

A
  • follicle is selected
  • LH surge begins right before ovulation
  • estrogen is high: + feedback on LH, some FSH
22
Q

sertoli cells

A
  • columnar, extend from basement membrane to lumen of seminiferous tubules by spermatogenic cells being embedded along sides, luminal surface
  • form blood-testis barrier
  • secrete androgen binding hormone, inhibin: both stimulated by FSH
23
Q

leydig cells: location, function

A
  • loose CT between seminiferous tubules
  • secrete testosterone
24
Q

ductus deferens: structure

A
  • pseudostratified epithelium w/ stereocilia
  • 3 muscle layers
25
Q

seminal vesicles: structure

A
  • convoluted pseudostratified –> simple columnar epithelium
  • smooth muscle inner circular, outer longitudinal
  • columnar cells secrete seminal fluid: 70% of ejaculate
26
Q

penile urethra: epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar –> stratified squamous at glands

27
Q

ovary: epithelium

A
  • outer covering: germinal epithelium
  • tunica albuginea of dense irregular CT
28
Q

primordial follicle: structure

A
  • primary oocyte arrested in prophase 1, surrounded by single layer of follicular cells
29
Q

primary follicles: structure

A
  • follicular cells –> stratified (become granulosa cells)
  • zona pellucida
  • theca interna: steroid producing
  • theca externa: outer collagen, smooth muscle
30
Q

secondary follicles: structure

A
  • antrum formation w/ hyaluronic acid
  • cumulus oophorus w/ corona radiata forms
31
Q

ovulation: formation of first polar body

A
  • after first meiotic division, along w/ production of secondary oocyte
32
Q

ovulated product

A

secondary oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata

33
Q

oviduct: structure

A
  • simple columnar mucosa
  • inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle
  • mesosalpinx continuous w/ broad ligament
34
Q

fertilization: steps

A
  • ovulated product moves to ampulla
  • sperm undergo capacitation
  • penetrate zona pelludica –> cortical rxn prevents polyspermy
  • sperm enters secondary oocyte, forms male pronuc
  • second meiotic division
35
Q

uterus during menstruation

A
  • ischemic functional layer degenerates
36
Q

uterus during proliferation

A
  • estrogen influences functional layer rebuilding from basal layer
37
Q

uterus during secretory phase

A
  • estrogen, progesterone influence
  • endometrium thickness, glands fill w/ fluid
  • corpus luteum looks for hGC
38
Q

uterus during ischemic phase

A
  • basal arteries constrict
  • endometrium becomes pale, shrinks
39
Q

FSH in females, males

A
  • females: follicle growth
  • males: spermatogenesis
40
Q

LH in females, males

A
  • females: corpus luteum formation
  • males: testosterone production
41
Q

estrogen functions

A
  • sensitization of follicles to LH, FSH, uterus to oxytocin
42
Q

progesterone functions

A
  • endometrium from proliferative –> secretory
43
Q

leydig cell: sex steroid synthesis

A
  • cholesterol converted to testosterone, stimulated by LH
44
Q

sertoli cell: sex steroid synthesis

A
  • testosterone enters from leydig –> converted to estradiol by aromatase
  • secretes ABP
  • FSH stimulation
45
Q

males: parasympathetic

A
  • erection by vasodilatory action on penile arterioles
  • NO release, increases intracellular cGMP —> smooth muscle relaxation
  • PDE5 breaks down cGMP: vasoconstriction –> flaccidity
46
Q

males: sympathetic

A
  • release of seminal fluid into prostatic urethra, spinal reflex arc w/ smooth, skeletal muscle –> ejaculation
47
Q

hCG

A
  • secreted by blastocyst
  • binds LH on corpus luteum, preventing degradation
48
Q

maternal-placental-fetal axis: progesterone

A
  • can be produced without fetus
49
Q

maternal-placental-fetal axis: estrogen

A
  • needs fetal adrenal gland synthesis of DHEAS –> 16-OH DHEAS in fetal liver
50
Q

let down reflex

A
  • PRL release
  • oxytocin –> milk ejection

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