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endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

anterior pituitary: origin, divisions

A
  • originates from primitive oral cavity
  • aka adenohypophysis
  • pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
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2
Q

somatotropic cells

A
  • acidophils in pars distalis
  • secrete GH, target liver (hepatocytes secrete IGF-1
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3
Q

mammotropic, lactotropic cells

A
  • acidophils in pars distalis
  • secrete PRL, target mammary gland for mammogenesis, lactation, galactopoeisis
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4
Q

corticotropic cells

A
  • basophils in pars distalis
  • secrete ACTH, targets adrenal cortex
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5
Q

thyrotropic cells

A
  • basophils in pars distalis
  • secrete TSH, target thyroid for T3, T4 production
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5
Q

gonadotropic cells

A
  • basophils in pars distalis
  • secrete FSH, LH, target gonads
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6
Q

pars tuberalis

A
  • extension of pars distalis around infundibular stalk
  • more basophils than distalis
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7
Q

pars intermedia

A
  • part of anterior pituitary
  • surrounded by cells that secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone
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8
Q

infundibulum

A
  • part of posterior pituitary
  • unmyelinated axons originate from supraopitc, paraventricular nuclei
  • axons travel hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, terminate in pars nervosa
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9
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A
  • neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamic-hypophysiotropic nuclei secrete hormones into primary capillary plexus
  • hypophyseal portal vein drains primary plexus into secondary plexus in anterior pituitary
  • hormones leave capillaries, inhibit or stimulate chromophils
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10
Q

posterior pituitary: origin, divisions

A
  • upgrowth from hypothalamus
  • aka neurohypophpysis
  • infundibulum, pars nervosa
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11
Q

pars nervosa

A
  • part of posterior pituitary
  • contains axon terminals
  • herring bodies store oxytocin, ADH
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12
Q

oxytocin

A
  • from herring bodies in posterior pituitary
  • targets myoepithelium of lactating mammary gland, smooth muscle of uterus
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13
Q

ADH

A
  • from herring bodies of posterior pituitary
  • targets kidneys, smooth muscle of arterioles
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14
Q

pituicytes

A

regulate pituitary hormone release

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15
Q

corpora arenacea

A
  • brain sand
  • in pineal gland
  • contains calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate
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15
Q

pineal gland: secretions

A

melatonin
- targets hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
- induces sleepiness, inhibits GH and gonadotropin

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16
Q

pinealocytes structure

A
  • spherical nuclei, prominent nucleoli and organelles, secretory granules
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17
Q

thyroid follicular cells

A
  • surround colloid
  • store inactive, iodinated thyroglobulin
  • release T3, T4
18
Q

parafollicular (C) cells

A
  • between thyroid follicles
  • secrete calcitonin
19
Q

parathyroid chief cells

A
  • secrete PTH in response to low blood calcium
20
Q

parathyroid: oxyphil cells

A
  • nonfunctioning: transitioning chief cells
21
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • part of adrenal cortex
  • columnar cells
22
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • part of adrenal cortex
  • cuboidal cells w/ vacuolated cytoplasm cortisol
  • targets liver, skeletal muscle, CT, adipose
23
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • part of adrenal cortex
  • irregular cords, secrete weak androgens
24
Q

chromaffin cells

A
  • in adrenal medulla
  • secrete epi/norepinephrine
25
Q

peptide hormone synthesis

A
  • preprohormone –> prohormone
  • prohormone –> hormone
  • hormone stored in secretory vesicles
  • hormone exocytosed
26
Q

amino acid derivative hormones: surface receptor type

A
  • dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin
  • bind surface receptors, couple to intracellular signaling –> changes in phosphorylation
27
Q

amino acid derivatives: cytoplasmic receptor type

A
  • T3, T4
  • bind cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors, alter gene expression
28
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • aldosterone, estradiol, cortisol
  • bind cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors, alter gene expression
  • cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> all other steroids
29
Q

growth hormone: short term actions

A
  • increased lipolysis, gluconeogenesis
  • decreases muscle glucose uptake, prevents cells from using glucose
  • anti-insulin/diabetogenic
30
Q

GH actions: long term

A
  • insulin: permissive effect
  • growth via IGF-1, promotes growth
31
Q

GH: regulation

A

stimulated by:
- GHRH from hypothalamus
- exercise, fasting, ghrelin, hypoglycemia

inhibited by:
- somatostatin
- hyperglycemia, IGF-1

32
Q

IGF-1: origin, actions

A
  • from liver in response to GH
  • increases AA uptake, cell growth + proliferation, cartilage + bone growth
33
Q

GH deficiency

A
  • dwarfism in children
  • adult GH deficiency
34
Q

GH excess

A
  • gigantism in children: excess growth before closure of epiphyseal plates
  • acromegaly in adults: lateral growth, enlarged hands, feet, coarse facial features
35
Q

T3, T4 synthesis

A

Derived from 2 iodinated tyrosines
- iodide enters follicular cell via Na+/I- cotransporter (iodide trapping)
- thyroglobulin synthesized in follicular cells
- in colloid: TPO oxidizes iodide to iodine, iodinates tyrosine (organification)
- couples adjacent tyrosine residues to form thyroid hormones

36
Q

T3, T4 actions

A
  • opposite metabolic processes occur at once: increases metabolic rate, uses as much energy as possible
  • maintains normal growth, devel, increases CO and systolic BP
  • decreases TPR –> decreases diastolic BP
37
Q

T3, T4: regulation

A
  • TSH binding by TSH receptor stimulated iodide trapping, proteolysis, colloid endocytosis
  • T3, T4 negatively feeds back on TRH, TSH
38
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease
- autoab acts as TSH agonist
- high T3, T4, low TSH, TRH
- bulging eyes, excess soft tissue growth, bounding pulse

39
Q
A
39
Q

hypothyroidism in childhood

A

iodide deficiency
- can become irreversible
- delayed development, intellectual disability, protruding abdomen, coarse facial features

39
Q

hypothyroidism in adults

A

Hashimoto’s thyroidiitis
- destruction of thyroid cells by autoab

40
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41
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