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reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Genitalia

A

= the organs concerned with reproduction
* External genitalia = vulva

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2
Q

Uterine tube

A
  • salpinges – salpinx
  • salpingitis
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3
Q

uterus

A
  • hyster(o) or metr
  • hysterectomy
  • pyometra
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4
Q

ovaries

A
  • oophoritis = ovariitis
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5
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Males are XY
  • Females are XX
  • Y chromosome contains SRY gene
  • SRY gene determines ‘maleness’
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6
Q

disorders of sexual development def and type

A

congenital abnormalities of (1,2,3) where they are atypical
1. chromosomal sex
2. gonadal sex
3. phenotypic sex

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7
Q

Disorders of Sexual Developmental involving chromosomal sex

A
  • Chimera – cells from different zygotes in
    same organism
  • Mosaic – genetically different cells derived
    from same zygote in same organism
  • Freemartin: chimerism in cattle
  • twin fetuses of different sex
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8
Q

Freemartin

A

-2 + sets of cells/chromosomes in same animals
* twin fetuses of different sex
* placental vascular anastomosis
* mixing of hematopoietic cells
* expression of Y chromosome within female fetus
* inhibits development of ovaries J genitalia

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9
Q

freemartin morph

A

-Vulva and vagina - prominent clitoris, tuft of hair near vulva is common.
-bulbourethral and vesicular glands
-testes with epididymides
-incomplete uterus
-hypoplastic uterine horns or gonads.

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10
Q

DSD involving gonadal sex gonadal dysgenesis

A
  • Chromosomal females XX with ambiguous phenotype
    gonadal dysgenesis: rudimentary gonads
  • mixed gonadal tissues
  • ovotestis (one ovary and one teste)
  • hermaphrodites
  • abnormal tubular genitalia
    -intersex
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11
Q

DSD involving phenotypic sex

A
  • chromosomal - gonadal concordance
  • genitalia -> male-female ambiguity (intersex)
  • testes and ambiguous genitalia are termed
    male pseudohermaphrodites
  • ovaries and ambiguous genitalia are termed female pseudohermaphrodites
    -usually XY with 1 type of gonadal tissue.
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12
Q

developmental abnormalities of ovaries

A
  1. Aplasia
    *both -> infantile genitalia
  2. Hypoplasia
    * infantile genitalia
  3. Duplication
    *rare cause of ovarian remnant syndrome
  4. Ovarian and paraovarian cysts
    * variable clinical significance
    -inflammation: rare
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13
Q

neoplasia of ovaries (rare)

A
  1. Germ cell neoplasms (give rise to gametes)
  2. Sex cord-stromal cell neoplasms (granulosa or thecal cell- CT cells) MOST COMMON
  3. Surface epithelial neoplasms
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14
Q

Sex cord – stromal cell neoplasms

A

-ovary neoplasia most common in horses
* granulosa cell tumor, granulosa-theca cell
tumor, thecomas, luteomas
* potential to produce hormones
* abnormal sexual behavior

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15
Q

uterine tube problems

A
  • Important lesions are those that cause obstruction
  • segmental aplasia
  • inflammation (salpingitis)
  • fibrosis (scarring)
  • May lead to hydrosalpinx (thick, cannot pass egg, enlarged and filled with fluid)
    -inflammation of uterus (ascending infection)
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16
Q

uterus and cervix terminology

A

A. Developmental abnormalities
* Double external cervical os

B. Inflammation Terminology
a. Endometritis: only internal mucus membrane layer
b. Metritis: deeper
c. Pyometra (full uterus full of pus)

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17
Q

Inflammation of the uterus

A
  • Most due to microorganisms
  • Ascending: breeding and parturition, begin as endometritis
  • Hematogenous: during pregnancy
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18
Q

infections of the uterus

A

-Infections of the uterus are more easily cleared during estrus (estrogen)
* open cervix (drainage)
* more neutrophils
* better neutrophil function
-uterus is most susceptible to infection during diestrus & pregnancy, closed cervix (progesterone), fewer neutrophils.

19
Q

torsion of uterus and cervix

A
  • most common when enlarged by
    pregnancy, mucometra, pyometra
  • circulatory compromise leads to–>
  • edema, congestion, hemorrhage
  • death of fetus(es)
  • necrosis and rupture
    -noninflammatory lesion
    -twisting upon its longitudinal axis.
20
Q

Uterus and Cervix prolapse

A
  • ungulate farm animals > others
  • following parturition
  • large uterus and open cervix
  • especially if complicated
  • dystocia
  • assisted delivery
  • retained placenta
21
Q

Uterus and Cervix Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)

A
  • in dogs / bitch ONLY zonary placenta.
  • failure of normal involution
  • persistence of trophoblasts
  • trophoblasts found deep in uterus
  • cause unknown
    -can cause peritonitis
    -clinical: births then spots blood for past 2-6 weeks.
22
Q

Uterus and Cervix Endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • increase gland size dt hypertrophy & hyperplasia
  • in most species due to hyperestrogenism
  • endogenous (estrogen secreting tumors)
  • exongenous (plants or microtoxins which are estrogen like)
23
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • in dogs ONLY
  • estrogens induce hyperplasia
  • progesterone intensifies the hyperplasia
  • if a source of irritation, inflammation
    then hyperplasia mimics pregnancy and this fluid can lead to bacterial growth and pyometra.
  • CYSTIC CHANGE
    -cysts are fluid filled glands.
24
Q

neoplasia of uterus and cervix (not common)

A
  1. Carcinoma in cows at slaughter–> metatsisis to lungs
  2. Leiomyoma (fibroids) of the bitch or pollup
  3. Lymphosarcoma in cows with
    enzootic bovine leukosis (virus in older cattle)
25
Q

hydrometra and mucometra

A

-accumulation of fluid or mucus
-obstruction of normal outflow or secretion while the cervix is closed

26
Q

vulva and vagina lesions

A
  • usually Trauma associated with breeding and parturition
  • Genital herpesvirus: erosive and ulcerative vulvitis and vaginitis
    -vaginal polyps: degernative change
    -squamous cell carcinoma of vulva from sunlight in farm animals.
    -malignant melanoma: grey mares
27
Q

canine TVT

A

-transmissible venereal tumors
-sexually transmitted
-south and tropica environments
-metastisis is rare
-cauliflower proliferative mass on dog penis, vulva, can lead to masses in gingiva or conguntiva.

28
Q

reproductive failure terminology

A
  • Abortion
  • expulsion of a fetus before term
  • Stillbirth
  • expulsion of a dead fetus at term
  • Fetal mummification
  • retention & dehydration of dead fetus
  • Fetal maceration
  • retention & softening of dead fetus
29
Q

maintenance of pregnancy

A

Requires progesterone
* Promotes endometrial secretions
* Suppresses myometrial activity
1. Sources:
* corpora lutea (CL)
* fetoplacental unit

30
Q

CL making progesterone in diff species

A

-bitch/ queen: CL whole preg, happens independent of preg, fetuses retained.
-sow/ doe: CL whole preg, dead fetuses retained or aborted.
-ewe & mare: CL until mid gestation, then fetoplacental unit is source.
-cow: CL past mid gestatation, after mid fetoplacental unit is source. fetal death in last trimester results in abortion.

31
Q

abortion pathology

A

-fetal stress leads to
decreases progesterone so you have high estrogen which leads to relaxation of uterus, separation of ligaments and contractions which lead to abortion.
-same process as pregnancy but fetal stress happens early
-or fetal death: make prostaglandins which can lead to changing progesterone: estrogen ratio.

32
Q

abortion diagnosis is low causes

A

-50% diagnostic rate
-due to illness in 1/3 compartments (cow, fetus, placenta). we only get fetus
-labs are better for bacterial disease( 90% involve infectious agent) not congenital.
-autolysis, freeze thawing, heat, contamination.

33
Q

infectious causes of abortion cats

A

i. Bacteria
* Environmental and commensal bacteria enter
during breeding
ii. Viruses
* Several
* Feline panleukopenia virus (feline parvovirus) can cause cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens infected in utero.
iii. Protozoa
* Toxoplasma gondii

34
Q

Infectious causes of abortion dogs

A

i. Bacteria
* Brucella canis or other Brucella sp.
ii. Viruses
* Canine herpesvirus: leads to lesions of hemmorage in lungs and kidneys in puppies of first parity bitches.

35
Q

Infectious causes of abortion
Pigs bacterial

A

Bacteria:
* Environmental & commensal bacteria – sporadic disease
* Pathogenic bacteria may be indicators of a herd problem
* Brucella suis
* Leptospira sp
-samonella, actinobacillus.

36
Q

infectious causes of abortion
Pigs viruses

A

Viruses
* Most common / important cause of abortion
* PRRS – Arterivirus
* Porcine herpesvirus-1 (causes millit like necrosis in liver)
(a.k.a. psuedorabies)
* Porcine circovirus
-lead to SMEDI still births, stair step litters from mummification.

37
Q

different stages of pregnancy leads to what kind of fetal death in pigs

A

-1-30 days: emryonic death and resorption
-30-70 d: fetal death and mummification (stair step)
->70 d: fetus mounts immune response

38
Q

. Infectious causes of abortion
d. Sheep and Goats bacteria

A

i. Bacteria
* Sporadic infections by various bacteria
* Brucella sp. or Leptospira sp. are
important causes of herd problems
* zoonotic
* Chlamydophila abortus: most common cause of abortion
* enzootic abortion
* hematogenous spread
* necrotic placentitis
* zoonotic
* Coxiella burnetti
* hematogenous spread
* necrotic placentitis
* zoonotic

39
Q
  1. Infectious causes of abortion
    d. Sheep and Goats
    i. Bacteria
    * Campylobacter fetus
A
  • outbreaks or abortion storms
  • necrotic placentitis
  • characteristic lesions in the liver, necrosis around BV from hematogenous necrosis spread
  • zoonotic
40
Q
  1. Infectious causes of abortion
    d. Sheep and Goats
    iii. Protozoa
A
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • necrosis, calcification & mild
    inflammation of cotyledons NOT COTYLEDONARY SPACE
  • zoonotic
41
Q

Infectious causes of abortion
d. Sheep and Goats
ii. Viruses
* Border disease

A
  • Pestivirus
  • necrotic placentitis
  • ‘hairy shakers
    -born with thick coats
42
Q

Abortion in Cattle

A

-normal 3-4% abortion
-normal 4-6% deliver a stillborn which die of asphyxia.

43
Q

Adventitial placentation

A
  • Placentation that appears in an abnormal or
    unusual place (extra placentation)
  • Compensates for inadequate placentation
  • Primitive villus placentation
  • May be an indicator insufficient placentation
    and abnormal pregnancy
    -not a lesion but a compensation: glandular tissue between caruncles to provide extra placentation due. doesn’t cause abortion.

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