Reproductive Flashcards
1
Q
Mitosis
A
1 diploid parent cell (2n) creates 2 diploid daughter cells (2n)
2
Q
Meiosis
A
1 diploid parent cell (2n) creates 4 haploid daughter cells (n)
3
Q
Meiosis is used for […]
A
gametogenesis
4
Q
Production/secretion of sex steroids by […]
A
gonads
5
Q
Male structures needed for reproduction
A
- gonads: testes
- internal genitalia: epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle
- external genitalia: scrotum, prostate, penis
6
Q
Female structures needed for reproduction
A
- gonads: ovaries
- internal genitalia: fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, upper vagina
- external genitalia: labia, clitoris, lower vagina
7
Q
Sex Differentiation
A
embryo @ 4 wks is at an indifferent stage and can become male or female
8
Q
Every embryo is bipotential with […]
A
Bipotential gonads
Mullerian Ducts
Wolffian ducts
Bipotential urogenital sinus
9
Q
Bipotential Gonads
A
can become ovaries or testes
10
Q
Mullerian Ducts
A
can develop into female internal genitalia
11
Q
Wolffian Ducts
A
can develop into male internal genitalia
12
Q
Bipotential Urogenital Sinus
A
can become female or male external genitalia & urethra
13
Q
Pathway for XX embryo
A
1.) bipotential gonads differentiate into ovaries
2.) Mullerian ducts differentiate into female internal genitalia
3.) Wolffian ducts regress
4.) bipotential urogenital sinus differentiate into female external genitalia & urethra
14
Q
XY embryo development
A
@ 4 wks:
- SRY causes bipotential gonads to become testes
- testes secrete: Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH) & testosterone
- MIH causes regression of Mullerian ducts, T causes Wolffian ducts to become male internal genitalia
@ 8 wks:
- T is converted to DHT
- DHT forms male external genitalia & prostate
@ 3rd trimester
- T causes testes to descent into scrotum
15
Q
Active […] leads to […]
A
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Puberty
16
Q
[…] stimulate development of secondary sex characteristics
A
sex steroids
17
Q
Puberty in girls occurs btwn ages […] and in boys btwn […]
A
10-14
12-16
18
Q
Precociuous Puberty
A
- symptoms driven by elevation of gonadal steroids
- girls: breast development & 1st period
- boys: enlarged testicles & penis, deepening voice, facial hair
19
Q
Seminiferous Tubules
A
1.) sertoli cell
2.) spermatogonia
3.) developing germ cells
20
Q
Interstitial Tissue
A
1.) Leydig cells (make testosterone)
2.) Capillaries
21
Q
[…] from Sertoli cells selectively inhibits FSH secretion
A
inhibin
22
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
- occurs in seminiferous tubules
tight junctions btwn adjacent sertoli cells - spermatogenesis is heat sensitive
- successful spermatogenesis requires FSH & high T in seminiferous tubules
- require sertoli cells (LH & FSH)
impaired sertoli cells = no germ cells
23
Q
males are […] with spermatogonia, during […] spermatogenesis [..]
A
Born
Puberty
Begins
mitosis –> meiosis –> spermiogenesis
24
Q
Spermiogenesis in Testes
A
- Head: DNA & acrosome formation
- Tail: flagellum
25
Spermatozoa off testes [...] fertilize eggs bc they do not have [...] and [...]
Cannot
Egg binding proteins
Motility proteins
26
Sperm mature and are stored in the [...]
epididymis
27
Epididymis
- maturation: acquire motility protein & egg binding protein
- decapacitation: decrease motility
- store sperm for 2-3 mos
28
Erectile Reflex
- parasympathetic control
nitric oxide --> cGMP --> vasodilation
29
[...] is due to dysfunctional erectile reflex: insufficient [...]
Impotence
Vasodilation
30
[...] a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor
viagra
- causes vasodilation
31
Ejaculatory Reflex
Emission Stage
- seminal vesicle: provide 50% of semen fluid fructose mucus, prostaglandins
- prostate gland: provide 50% semen fluid alkaline fluid
Ejaculation Stage
- spinal reflex
- activation of sympathetic lumbar spinothalamic reflex
32
Testosterone Functions
- T activates AR
- T --> estradiol --> AR
- T --> DHT --> AR
- stimulates erythropoietin secretion
33
Anabolic Steroids
- increase muscle mass & athletic performance
- may cause aggression
- decrease LH, GnRH, FSH levels
- decrease endogenous T secretion & spermatogenesis
- testicular atrophy
- in women: masculinization of body including hirsutism
34
Lack of Testosterone
under-masculinization & infertility
- abnormal 2° sex characteristics: little facial hair, gynecomastia, female pattern pubic hair
35
Andropause
- steady decrease in testosterone secretion during aging
- reduced muscle mass/strength
- decreased bone density
- depression
36
Ovaries
Structures
- cortex
- follicle: fundamental reproductive unit of 1 germ cell surrounded by endocrine cells
- medulla
- hilum
Functional changes
- oogenesis
- steroidogenesis
37
Oogenesis
- begins in utero
- meiosis of oogonia begins @ 20 wks gestation
- meisosis is halted @ prophase I (primary oocyte)
- primary oocyte + pre-granulosa cells = primordial follicle
38
Fallopian Tube
passage of the egg
controlled by steroids
39
Uterus
controlled by steroids
1.) parametrium
2.) myometrium
3.) endometrium
4.) uterine cavity
40
Cervix
controlled by steroids
mucus secretion
41
Vagina
controlled by steroids
42
Sexually mature females expereince [...] of [...]
Monthly cyclic changes
Reproductive structures & hormones
43
Uterine & Ovarian Phases
Follicular Phase
Day 1-5: menstrual
Day 5-15: proliferative
Luteal Phase
Day 15-28: secretory
Follicular Phase
Day 28-35: menstrual
44
Folliculogenesis
follicles grow & differentiate w/changes in function
45
Folliculogenesis during menstruation
- growth from a primordial to a recruitable antral follice (> 170-180 days)
- recruitment & growth of antral follicles (FSH action) (65 days)
- follicular phase: multiple antral follicles rapidly grow & 1 dominant follicle selected
- luteal phase:formation of corpus luteum from dominant follicle
46
Antral follicles secrete [..]
estrogen
47
Theca cells secrete [...] in response to LH
androgens
48
FSH increases [...] in granulosa cells
aromatase
androgens -- (aromatase) --> estrogens
49
LH surge induces follicular rupture & release of a [...] that is arrested at [...] & is surrounded by expanded cumulus cells into the peitoneal cavity
Secondary oocyte
Metaphase II
50
Luteinization of the Follicle
- CL programmed to function for about 14 days & die
- hCG in pregnancy rescues CL from programmed death
51
[...] stimulates mitosis & [...] differentiates estrogen-primed tissues
Estrogen
Progesterone
52
During the fertile period which is dominated by [...] a woman cervix secretes [...]
High estrogen
Clear watery mucus
53
Cause of menopause is [...]
follicular depletion
54
Folliculogenesis is a [...]
selection process
55
Follicular depletion causes [...]
ovarian failure
- ex: menopause, premature ovarian failure
56
When follicles are depleted what happens to plasma levels of estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, FSH, & LH?
Estrogen --> decreases
Progesterone --> decreases
Inhibin --> decreases
FSH --> increases
LH --> increases
57
Gamete transport to the [...]
fallopian tube
- cumulus-oocyte complex
- decapacitated sperm
58
Gamete transfer to the fallopian tube is aided by [...] & [..]
Estrogen
Oxytocin
59
Sperm undergo [...] through interaction with epithelial cells
capacitation
60
MII oocyte surrounded by [...] into the peitoneal cavity
expanded cumulus cells
61
Challenges for sperm to meet the egg
- motility
- hyaluronic acid-rich ECM of cumulus cells
- zona pellucida (protein layer)
62
Sperm can survive for at least [...]
5 days
63
Egg can survive for up to [...]
24 hrs
64
Sperm become [...] and digest through ECM cumulus cells
hyperactive
65
[...] of a sperm is the process that allows hyperactivity
capacitation
66
Binding of sperm to the zona pellicuda causes [...]
acrosomal reaction
67
Acrosome reaction
exocytosis of acrosomal content to allow sperm to digest through proteins in zona pellicuda toward the egg membrane
68
Binding of the 1st sperm to the egg membrane causes
- cortical reaction --> block polyspermy
- meiotic completion
- activation of egg enzymes
69
What is the best way to reduce risk of unintended pregnancy?
plan A contraception
70
Emergency contraception, morning after pill, levonorgestrel
plan B contraception
71
Early cleavage occurs in the [...]
fallopian tubes
72
Blastocyst moves into uterine cavity and [...]
hatches
73
Hatched blastocyst invades into the [...] about [...] prior to the next cycle
Endometrium
A week
74
Trophoblast
outer 1 cell layer, later become part of placenta
75
Inner Cell Mass embryonic stem cells
can become all cell types, tissues, or organs of the fetus (pluripotent stem cells)
76
Blastocyst & implantation takes place when
20-30 days of the menstrual cycle
77
[...] invades the endometrium & form the [...]
Trophoblast
Placenta
78
Cytotrophoblasts
surround the ICM & later form chorionic villi
79
Syncytiotrophoblasts
secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest endometrial cells to make lacunae for a pool of maternal blood, forms a connection w/endometrial spiral arteries & veins
- secretes hCG
80
The syncytiotrophoblasts of the implanted blastocyst secretes [...]
hCG
81
hCG rescues & stimulates [...] to continue secreting [...] & [...] during the first trimester
Corpus lutem
Estradiol
Progesterone
82
Fetal Development
1st: 1-13 wks
2nd: 14-26 wks
3rd: 27-40 wks
83
During the 1st trimester of pregnancy the embryo is most susceptible to damage from [...]
teratogens
84
Abortion
termination of pregnancy
85
[...] is a substance that induces miscarriage or abortion
abortifacent
86
The [...] is a site for [...]
Placenta
Material exchange
87
The placenta functions as the what for a fetus?
Lung
Kidney
Digestive system
Endocrine glands
88
[...] materials that are exchanged through the placenta
Material exchange
89
Umbilical [...] carry fetal blood high in wastes & CO2
arteries
90
Umbilical [...] carry fetal blood high in nutrients & O2
veins
91
Placenta is an [...] gland
endocrine
92
Estrogen is necessary for [...] & [...] development during pregnancy
Uterus
Breast
93
Progesterone [...] immune responses
decreases
94
[...] modifies the metabolic state of the mother & can lead to the development of gestational diabetes
hPL
95
What relaxes the ligaments in the pelivs & softens/widens the cervix to dilate during labor?
relaxin
96
Partuition is brought by [...] & [...]
Uterine contraction
Thinning of the cervix
97
Increased [...] & [...] help dilate the cervix for labor
Relaxin
Oxytocin
98
What is the name of the 1st in vitro fertilization baby?
Louise, 1978
99
Pregnancy causes [...] numbers & size of alveoli in breasts
increased
100
During lactation alveoli are [...]
dilated
101
Lactogenesis
milk secretion & maintenance of milk production
102
Lactogenesis requires [...] & [...] action
E
PRL
103
Milk ejection requires [...]
oxytocin
104
[...] causes lactational amenorrhea
hyperprolactinemia
