Immune Flashcards
1
Q
The immune systems are a collection of cells, tissues, & molecules that provide resistance to […], […], & […]
A
Infections
Toxins
Foreign matter
2
Q
3 Properties of Normal Immune System
A
- ability to recognize an infinite range of pathogens
- memory to mount fast recall immune responses
- immunologic tolerance to avoid damage to normal tissue
3
Q
[…] are the defense mechanisms immediately available to pathogens or injury
A
Innate immunity
4
Q
Innate Immunity
A
- fast
- non-specific
- no memory
5
Q
Adaptive Immunity
A
- slow
- specific
- has memory
6
Q
What are the responses of adaptive immunity?
A
- antibodies
- cell-mediated responses
- they eliminate infections & tumors
7
Q
There are […], […], & […] barriers @ the interfaces with the environment
A
Mechanical
Chemical
Cellular
8
Q
What are examples of these barriers?
A
Skin
Mucous membranes of airways
GI system
Urinary tract
9
Q
[…] contain antibodies, enzymes that break down microbial walls & slow bacterial growth
A
Secretions
10
Q
[…] destroys bacterial walls
A
Lysozyme
11
Q
[…] are a mechanical barrier
A
Dead skin cells
12
Q
[…] trap microorganisms & […] move them out
A
Mucus
Cilia
13
Q
[…] kills many pathogens
A
Acid
14
Q
Cells of Innate Immune System
A
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
15
Q
Part of Adaptive Immune System
A
Lymphocytes
16
Q
CBC
A
Complete Blood Count
17
Q
All blood cells come from […]
A
Bone marrow
18
Q
[…] originate from stem cells in the bone marrow
A
Leukocytes
19
Q
[…] are important for phagocytosis & release factors that regulate inflammation
A
Neutrophils
20
Q
[…] are blood phagocytes & become resident macrophages
A
Monocytes
21
Q
What are monocytes important for?
A
Phagocytosis
22
Q
[…] & […] have cytoplasmic granules containing histamine & other chemical mediators
A
Basophils
Eosinophils
23
Q
What cell manages parasitic worms?
A
Eosinophils
24
Q
Lymphocytes are divided into […], […], & […] cells
A
B
T
Natural killer (NK)
25
[...] mediate the immune response leading to production of antibodies
B cells
26
B cells differentiate into [...] which secrete antibodies
Plasma cells
27
[...] are the coordinators of the adaptive immune system & are necessary for recruitment & activation B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, & macrophages
Helper T cells
28
[...] participate in non-specific destruction of virus-infected cells or cells that have turned cancerous
Natural killer cells
29
[...] are abundant in the epithelia exposed to the envmt
Macrophages
30
[...] are similar to macrophages but have a different origin
Dendritic cells
31
[...] are dendritic cells of the CNS
Microglia
32
[...] look like basophils & have granules w/histamine and reside in the CT under epithelia
Mast cells
33
What are the chemical signals of immune cells called?
Cytokines
34
Cytokines regulate what in innate & adaptive immune responses?
- Cell cycle
- Function of cells
35
When cytokine levels increase they act in a [...] manner
Endocrine
36
Cytokines serve to [...] & [...] innate and adaptive immune functions to change the [...]
Activate
Regulate
Systemic environment
37
Cytokines [...] immune cell production & target them to the sites where they are needed
Increase
38
Primary Lymphoid Organs
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
39
Bone marrow is where all [...] are produced
Leukocytes
40
The thymus is where [...] complete their development
T lymphocytes
41
Lymphocytes interact w/2º lymphoid tissues including: [...]
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Lymphoid structures in GI & respiratory systems
42
[...] & [...] are where adaptive immune responses start & immune memory cells reside
Lymph nodes
Spleen
43
Immature T cells leave the bone marrow to complete their maturation in the [...]
Thymus
44
Innate immune system recognizes [...] & [...] by looking identity tags found only in foreign substances
- Self
- Not self
45
Identity Tags
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
46
[...] refer to our microbiome which normally outcompetes pathogens
Probiotics
47
[...] are not specific & recognize generic microbial markers
PRRs
48
PAMPs
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- innate immune cells that recognize common microbe features
49
Recognition of PAMPs is by [...] in macrophages, dendritic cells, & NK cells
PRRs
Pattern recognition receptors
50
4 types of PRRs
Toll-like receptors
Lectin receptors
NOD-like receptors
RIG-like receptors
51
Binding of PAMPs to their receptors triggers secretion of [...]
Inflammatory mediators
52
DAMPs
Damage-associated molecular patterns
- initiate the elimination of damaged cells & start of tissue repair
53
Neutrophils, macrophages, & dendritic cells are [...]
Phagocytes
54
1st step in phagocytosis is [...]
Contact btwn phagocytes & microbes
55
Opsonins
Proteins that coat microbes to make them easier to phagocytose
56
Chemical signals received during phagocytosis activate [...]
Enzymes in phagolysosomes
57
[...] converts oxygen into superoxide anion & other reactive oxygen species
Phagocyte oxidase
58
[...] produces [...] which is toxic to microbes
isoform of nitric oxide (INOS)
nitric oxide (NO)
59
[...] release chemicals that kill microbes directly
Phagocytes
60
What do chemokines do?
- attract & activate leukocytes
- increase blood flow
- increase vascular permability
61
Complement system is activated in 3 ways
1. classical pathway
2. alternative pathway
3. lectin pathway
62
Classical pathway
when antibodies bind to antigens
63
Alternative pathway
complement proteins are activates on surfaces of microbial or tumor cells
64
Lectin pathway
activated when lectin binds to microbial surface glycoproteins
65
[...] are produced mainly by the liver & are very abundant in blood tissues
Complement proteins
66
C3 is constantly broken into [...] & [...]
C3a
C3b
67
[...] is very reactive & binds to surface groups on microbial membranes
C3b
68
Once C3b attaches to microbes it works as an [...]
Opsonin
69
Complement ends with the formation of the [...] in the microbial membrane that disrupts the microbial environment and leads to death
Membrane attack complex
70
Innate immune system has 2 responses against viruses
Type 1 interferons
Natural killer cells
71
Type 1 interferons
- act in autocrine/paracrine manner
- bind to membrane receptors
- induce an antiviral state
- inhibit protein synthesis making it difficult for viruses to make viral proteins
72
Natural killer cells are a class of [...] that recognize infected & stressed cells
Lymphocyte
73
Natural killer cells
- attack infected & stressed cells (in non-specific way)
- induce apoptosis in target cells
- coooperate w/macrophages
- activated NK cells produce & secrete Type 2 interferons
74
Activated [...] produce & secrete [...] that mediate inflammatory & microbicidal functions
Macrophages
Cytokines
75
Activation of macrophages during [...] also impacts adaptive immunity by enhancing [...]
Innate immune responses
Antigen presentation
76
Chemotaxis
leukocyte migration to a site of inflammation following a chemical gradient
77
Inflammation
- local, non-specific response in vascularized tissues
- accumulation of fluid & immune cells
- immune response & tissue repair
78
5 signs of inflammation
1. Rubor (redness)
2. Calor (warmth)
3. Tumor (swelling)
4. Dolor (pain)
5. Functio Laesa (loss of function)
79
Sequence of inflammation
1. offending agents are recognized by host cells
2. leukocytes & plasma proteins move from circulation to site of infection/damage
3. leukocytes & proteins destroy offending agent
4. reaction is controlled & terminated
5. damaged tissue is repaired
80
If inflammatory response is high, secretion of cytokines & chemokines may alter [...]
Systemic homeostasis
81
[...] are sensitive indicators of inflammation
Positive acute phase proteins
82
2 main negative acute phase proteins
Albumin
Transferrrin
83
[...] albumin production makes more amino acids available
Decreased
84
Loss of [...] results in less iron available for microbial growth
Transferrin
85
[...] is a component of many bacterial cell walls that is important in production of septic shock
LPS --> lipopolysaccharide
86
Adaptive immunity depends on specific antigen receptors on [...] & [...]
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
87
B lymphocytes
antibody production (humoral response)
88
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
cell-mediated responses
89
helper T lymphocytes
activate & coordinate B & cytotoxic T lymphocytes
90
3 characteristics of adaptive immune responses
1. specific to presenting antigens
2. takes time
3. has memory
91
3 stages of adaptive immune response
1. presentation & recognition of an antigen
2. lymphocyte activation & clonal expansion
3. antibody & cytotoxic responses
92
Response to an antigen requires 2 signals
Antigen itself
Positive signal from another immune cell
93
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
Thymus
- lymphocyte production/development
94
Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Adenoids & tonsils
Peyers patches (intestine)
- where adaptive immune cells activate & expand clonally
95
Primary response
- first time exposure to an antigen
- slower/weaker response
96
Secondary response
- relies on memory cells
- faster/stronger response
97
[...] rely on secondary responses for effectiveness
Vaccines
98
[...] recognize soluble & surface antigens and differentiate into plasma cells
B lymphocytes
99
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize antigens by [...], [...], or [...] cells
Infected
Foreign
Transformed
100
Cytotoxic T cells [...] antigen-bearing cells directly
Destroy
101
[...] recognize antigens & secrete [...] to stimulate B & cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Helper T lymphocytes
Cytokines
102
[...] limit the activation of other lymphocytes (T cells) & prevent autoimmunity
Regulatory T cells
103
Each lymphocyte clone has receptors specific for [...] antigen
1
104
B lymphocytes use a [...] that serves as the antigen receptor
Surface immunoglobulin
105
T lymphocytes use a [...] to interact with antigen-presenting cells
Surface T cell receptor
106
[...] binding triggers a signal transduction cascade in the lymphocyte
Antigen
107
Recognition of self is based on display of peptides bound to proteins of [...]
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
108
All nucleated cells express
- cell ID tags
- alterations in intracellular proteins
- trigger cell-mediated immune response (if helper T are activated)
- class 1 MHC
109
Antigen-presenting cells
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- triggers humoral & cell-mediated responses
- class 2 MHC
110
[...] are needed in both class 1 & 2 MHC pathways
Helper T cells
111
Antigen presentation
- dendritic cells are most effective antigen-presenting cells
- dendritic cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs
- activated antigen-presenting cells express non-specific co-stimulating signals
112
[...] must be stimulated for normal humoral & cytotoxic responses
Helper T cells
113
B cell receptor
- immunoglobulin: 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains
- each receptor has 2 antigen binding sites
- IgB & IgA are members of receptor complex & start intracellular signaling
- heavy chains determine Ig class
114
What is a B cell receptor where Ig is produced during initial response?
IgM
115
Where does Ig produced late in initial response & after repeated exposure come from?
IgG
116
What Ig is present in secretions?
IgA
117
What Ig is produced in response to parasites/allergies?
IgE
118
What Ig is a B cell receptor?
IgD
119
[...] do not kill microbes directly but mark them for destruction by [...], [...], & [...]
Antibodies
Phagocytosis
Complement
NK cells
120
Antibody classes function
- opsonization
- classical complement pathway
- neutralization
- antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
121
Diversity in [...] is created by shuffling gene segments
Antigen specificity
122
Co-receptors: CD4 or CD8
CD4 --> helper T cells
CD8 --> cytotoxic T cells
123
T cell receptors [...] secreted
are not
124
Activation of helper T cells
1. antigen presentation
2. co-stimulus given by matching membrane proteins
3. stimulating cytokines from antigen presenting cell
125
Activation of cytotoxic T cells requires
- antigen presentation by class 1 MHC on the cell
- co-stimulus given by matching membrane proteins
126
Full activation of [...] requires inputs from [...]
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Helper T cells
127
Tools of cytotoxic T cells
Perforin
Granzyme
128
Perforin
A pore-secreting protein
129
Granzyme
Cytotoxic enzymes that trigger cell death
130
[...] allows adaptive immune system to respond better & faster against repeated exposure to the same infection
Immunological memory
131
Self lymphocytes are always produced during development & must be [...]
Eliminated
132
Central tolerance
T cells that interact too strongly or weakly with self-antigens are eliminated
133
Central tolerance depends on
1. clonal deletion: elimination by apoptosis of T cells whose receptors bind to self proteins
2. development of regulatory T cells that recognize self antigens & block activation of harmful self-reacting lymphocytes
134
IBD
1. genetic component
2. environmental trigger
3. disregulated inflammatory response
4. chronic inflammation
