Reproduction System Flashcards
What muscle group is outlined by the blue dashed line?
What nerve supplies these muscles?
What structures are labelled A and B?
- Levator Ani
- Pudendal Nerve
- A- rectum and B is the Vagina
How does the perineal body function to maintain pelvic organ support?
- Central point of attactment for perineal musculature
What are some risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse?
- Obesity
- Heavy lifting
- Previous gynecological survey
- Connective tissue disorder
- Menopause
- Steroid treatment
Why can vaginal delivery in child birth cause pelvic floor dysfunction?
- Stretching of pudendal nerve
- Stretch or damage to pelvic floor musculature
- Injury to the perineal body
- Stretch or rupture of ligamentous support of musculature
What space does a femoral hernia enter?
- Femoral canal
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
What is Spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia-spermatids
What is spermiogenesis?
- Spermatid - spermatozoa
- final maturation step
Which cells in the testes have receptors for FSH?
- Sertoli cells
Which cells in the testes have receptors for LH?
- Leydig cells
Which cells are Leydig cells and which are Sertoli?
Name the cells that drive differentiation of the gonad to form testes and state which region of the embryo these cells arise
- Primordial germ cells
- Yolk sac
Define cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Dysplasia of sqaumous cells within the cervical epithelium induced by infection with high risk HPVs
What are 2 risk factors of developing CIN?
- Increased exposure to HPV
- Sexual partner with HPV
- Multiple partners
- Early age of first intercourse
- Early first pregnancy
- Multiple births
- Smoking
- Low socioeconomic background
- Immunosuppression
What is structure X?
What is the function of X during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and the hormone responsible for this function?
What is B and which part of the cervix would you find B?
What type of epithelium is located at A and C?
- Cervical gland
- Produces a thick viscous secretions under the influence of progesterone
- B is the transformation zone usually at the external os
- A is stratifed squamous epithelium and C is simple columnar epithelium
What is the lymphatic drainage of the cervix?
- Superior- internal iliac nodes
- Inferior- Sacral nodes
Name a structure or organ that is at risk of invasion by direct spread of a cervical carnioma:
Anteriorly and Posteriorly?
- Anteriorly- bladder or ureters
- Posterior- rectum
Which hormone is measured to test for pregnancy?
Which cells secrete it and when is it measurable?
- Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
- Synchiotrophoblast cells approximately two weeks after implantation
Explain in outline the main histiological changes in the placenta from the first to the third trimester
- Thinning of the syncytiotrophoblast layer
- Disappearance of complete cytotrophoblast layer
- Thinning of the placental barrier as pregnancy progresses
What class of antibodies readily cross the placenta and by what transport medium?
- IgG
- Receptor mediated pinocytosis
Explain how the mother may develop anemia during the second trimester of pregnancy
Expansion of the plasma volume is greater than the increase in red cell mass so dilutional/physiological anemia of pregnancy
A 68 year old womanpresents to her GP.. She has 4 children,, and had normal vaginal deliveries with three of them and had a forceps assisted delivery with her first child. She has noticed ‘lleaking’’ of urine when she coughs or laughs..
Which of the following is the most likley reason for her symtpoms??
- A Perimenopause
- B Posterior compartment prolapse
- C Stress incontinence
- D Urge incontinence
- E Urinary tract Infection
- C- Stress incontinence
- This history is typical of stress incontinence due to relative pelvic floor weakness,, for which this patient has many risk factors (mmany vaginal deliveries and forceps delivery))..
- UTIs present with dysuria//ffrequency//uurgency
- U rge incontinence is not related to increased abdominal pressure (ccoughing//llaughing)) ; this is involuntary loss of urine due to a need to pass urine quite suddenly .
- Posterior compartment prolapse does not ty pically cause urinary symptoms
- S tress incontinence is not typically a symptom of p erimenopause (iin addition,, this patient is slightly outside the normal age range of considering this as a differential))..
A 24 year old woman presents to the Genito-Urinary Medicine Clinic complaining of vaginal discharge.. It is offensive smelling and not itchy.. The doctor suspects Bacterial Vaginosis..
Which organism is typically associated with this condition??
- A Chlamydia trichomatis
- B Gardnerella vaginalis
- C Neisseria gonnorhoea
- D Treponema pallidum
- E Trichomonas vaginalis
B- gardnerella vaginalis
What is t he classification of the aetiological ag ent of vulvovaginal candidiasis??
- A Bacterium - coccus
- B bacterium - rod
- C fungus
- D protozoan
- E spirochete
- C fungi
A 16 year old adolescent female is evaluated for lack of pubertal development.. Sheis diagnosed with gonadal dysgenesis..
Which of the following laboratory findings is likely to be elevated in this patient??
- A Follicle stimulating hormone
- B Oestrogen
- C Progesterone
- D Prolactin
- E Thyroxine
A- FSH
- Gonadal dysgenesis means that the ovaries have not formed adequately and are essentionally ‘nnon - functioning’’.. The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are healthy,, therefore FSH rises in an “aattempt”” to “kkick - start”” ovarian function..
- Oestrogen levels are decreased in gonadal dysgenesis
- There is no ovulation,, therefore progesterone levels will no t be elevated
- Prolactin and thyroxine levels are unchanged
A 21 year old woman presents to her GP complaining of hirsutism that bothers her.. On questioning,, she reveals that her menstrual periods are irregular,, but she put it down to “oone of those things””.. She denies any changes in her voice or hair loss..Her BMI is 26.. Pelvic examination does not reveal any adnexal mass..
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis??
- A Fibroids
- B Hyperprolactinaemia
- C Hypothyroidism
- D Low body weight
- E Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- E- PCOS
- PCOS is the most common cause of oligomenorhhoea (iirregular//rreduced number of periods)),, particularly associated with hirsuitism and obesity.. The others can be causes of secondary amenorrhoea,, but none fit the clinical history..
