Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Past Paper questions > Pathological Processes > Flashcards

Pathological Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most commonly used fixative for sugical specimens in the UK?

A
  • Formalin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give two reasons for fixing tissues?

A
  • To inactive tissue enzymes and denature proteins
  • To prevent bacterial growth
  • To harden tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is stained by Haematoxylin and what is stained by Eosin?

A
  • Haematoxylin- Nucleus and Nucleic acids
  • Eosin- Proteins, cytoplasm, extrocellular maxtix, collagen, connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give two advantages of preforming cytology rather than a biopsy for histology?

A
  • Faster result
  • Cheap
  • Minimally invasive
  • Relatively safe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why would a person require a coroner biopsy?

A

If the deceased is unknown

If they have not seen a doctor within 14 days of death

If cannot give a cause of death

Unnatural death

Occupational disease or accident

If related to a medical disease or treatment

Died in custody or care of the state

If was a result of termination of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What substance is present in blood would confirm the presence of myocardial infarction?

A
  • Troponin T or I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why would Troponin be present in the blood after an MI?

A
  • An area of cardiac muscle has undergone necrosis due to lack of blood supply or infarction
  • In necrosis cell membranes become leaky and intracellular proteins leak out of the cells and can be measured in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Apart from excessive alochol intake, name other consitions in which fatty liver is seen?

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Obesity
  • Carbon tetrachloride toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In addition to fat, what else can accumulate within hepatocytes in patients who drink alcohol to excess?

A
  • Mallory hyaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does cirrhosis appear histologially?

A

Bands of fibrosis surrounding nodules of regenerating hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an opsonin?

A
  • A substance that coats foreign material and makes them easier to phagocytose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give some examples of opsonins?

A
  • CRP, C3b, C4b, C1q, IgG, IgM, Pentraxins, Collectins, Ficolins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Briefly explain how exudate forms

A
  • Tissue injury is followed by the release of vasoactive mediators. These induce arterioles to dilate and capillary hydrostatic pressure therefore increases
  • Inflammatory mediators also cause endothelial cells to contract and the walls of venules become leaky. Fluid and plasma proteins pass out into the extravascular space as a result of the increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure adn the leaky vessel walls.
  • As plasma proteins have passed into extravascular space the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure increases and this holds the fluid in the extracascular space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a free radical?

A
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • Molecules with a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the body protect itself against feww radicals?

A
  • Vitamin A, C, E are components of the anti-oxidant system as they donate an electron to the free radical neutralising it
  • Transferrin and ceruloplasmin sequester iron and copper to prevent them catalysing the production of free radicals
  • Enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase neutralises free radicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A
  • The directional movement towards a chemical attractant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is diapedesis?

A
  • Diapedesis is the passage of blood cells through intact blood vessel walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give an example of a chemoattractant

A
  • Endotoxin
  • Thrombin
  • Fibrin degradation products
  • C5a, C3a, C4a
  • Leukotriene B4
  • Interleukin 8
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give two features seen at colonscopy that are typical features of crohns

A
  • Discontinuous distribution
  • Cobblestone appearance to bowel muscosa
  • Strictures
  • Fistulas
  • Rectal sparing
  • Involvement of the ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are two classical histiological features of Crohns disease?

A

Transmural inflammation

Granulmomas

21
Q

How is an ulcer within the intestinal tract defined?

A
  • A breach in the lining of the bowel to the level of the submucosa or deeper
  • Through the muscularis mucosa
22
Q

What is the name of this conditon?

A

Erythema nodosum

23
Q

What is the structure labelled with the black arrow? and what is affecting the area outlined with white arrows?

A
  • The appendix
  • Crohns disease
24
Q

What are some risk factors for poor healing?

A
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Treatment with steroids
25
Q

What is the name of the tissue seen at the base of the wound?

Why is it so red?

How does this tissue help to close the wound?

A
  • Granulation tissue
  • Contains many small developing blood vessels
  • Myofibroblasts that will contract and pull the edges of the wound together
26
Q

Why are scars white?

Hairless

Stretched?

A
  • White- small blood vessels regree leaving fibrous car with few vessels, melanocytes dont regenerate
  • Hairless- hair follicles do not regenerate in an area of damaged skin as they are complex structure
  • Stretched- Elastic fibres do not regenerate in an area of damaged skin and therefore scars can stretch as they mature
27
Q

What are abdominal adhesions?

A
  • Bands of fibrous tissue that form between abdominal tissues and organs
28
Q

In paracetemol toxicity why is PT raised?

A
  • Paracetemol toxicity has caused liver failure
  • PT is a test dependant on clotting factors produced by the liver and in liver failure the clotting factors are not produced and the PT increases
29
Q

In paracetemol toxicity why is ALT raised?

A
  • Because hepatocytes have died as a result of paracetamol toxicity and ALT has leaked of the damaged cell membranes of these cells and can be measured in the blood
30
Q

Why is no paracetemol detected in the blood 2 days after paracetemol is taken?

A
  • All the drug has been metabolised
31
Q

Describe the area to the right of the picture indicated by the black arrow

A
  • Area of necrosis where the cellular architecture is preserved and where there is a ghost outline of necrotic cells
  • coagulative necrosis
32
Q

What could cause coagulative necrosis?

A
  • Infarction
  • Chemical injury
33
Q

Which commonly used drug increased the PT and is monitored by regular INR measurements?

A

Warfarin

34
Q

When is warfarin indicated?

A
  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Cardiac arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation
  • Following cardiac valve replacement
35
Q

How does warfarin work?

A
  • Inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K dependant clotting factors
36
Q

Apart from pregnancy give risk factors for DVT?

A
  • Flying
  • OCP
  • Immobility
  • recent operation
  • HRT
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Severe burns, cardiac failure, old age, previous DVT, family history, Malignancy
37
Q

Why is a woman in late pregnancy predisposed to DVT?

A
  • In pregnancy blood is hypercoagulable and the presence of the pelvic tumour can compress venous outflow from the legs resulting in venous stasis
38
Q

Why is heparin chosen instead of warfarin with DVT?

A
  • Warfarin takes a few days to become effective
  • Low molecular weight heparin is effective almost immediately
39
Q

What is an embollism?

A
  • Blockage of a blood vessel by a solid, liquid or gas at a distant site from its origin
40
Q

What is a saddle embolus?

A
  • Large embolus that straddles the bifurcation of the pulmonary embolus
41
Q

What things can embolise?

A
  • Thrombus
  • Air
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Objects like bullets
  • fat
42
Q

.. A 64 year old m an has a colectomy for colon cancer.. The specimen is sent to the histology department for sampling,, processing and reporting.. During the process of embedding the tissue is impreg nated and surrounded with a hardening agent..

What agent is most commonly us ed for this purpose in the UK??

A.. Alcohol

B.. Formic acid

C.. Ice

D.. Paraffin wax

E.. Xylene

A

Parafin wax

43
Q

.. A 57 year old man presents with severe abdominal pain.. A blood test shows amylase levels of 480 U//LL (rref:: 40 - 140)) and acute pancreatitis is diagnosed.. Despite supportive tre atment the patient dies.. An autopsy is performed and small white nodules are seen throughout the peritoneal cavity..

What do these nodules represent??

A.. Caseous necrosis

B.. Coagulative necrosis

C.. Fat necrosis

D.. Gangrenous necrosis

E.. Liquefactive necrosis

A

Fat necrosis

44
Q

.. A 25 ye ar old man hits his thumb with a hammer..

Which of the following mediators is most likely to contribute to the pain??

A.. Bradykinin

B.. C3b

C.. C5a

D.. Serotonin

E.. Tumour necrosis factor

A

Bardykinin

45
Q

A 74 year old man presents with a persistent cough and night sweats.. On examina tion he is found to have an enlarged lymph node in his neck.. A biopsy is taken and the histology report describes the presence of granulomas..

Which of the following are required for a histological diagnosis of this type of chronic inflammation ?

A.. Caseo us necrosis

B.. Epitheloid histiocytes

C.. Giant cells

D.. Lymphocytes

E.. Macrophages

A

Epitheloid histiocytes

46
Q

.. An 11 year old boy presents with haematuria.. On questioning his mother also feels that her son’s hearing is becoming worse.. Alport syndrome is suspected..

Which type of collagen i s abnormal in this condition??

A.. Type I

B.. Type II

C.. Type III

D.. Type IV

E.. Type V

A

Type IV

47
Q

A 32 year old man is involved in a house fire and suffers burns to 50%% of his body.. He is treated in the intensive care unit but three days later,, despite supportive care , he become s hypotensive and develops rectal bleeding.. H e has a generalised purpuric rash.. Blood tests are performed and a diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DDIC)) is made..

Which of the following blood tests is usually decreased in this condition??

A.. Activated partial thromboplastin time (AAPTT))

B.. D dimers

C.. Fibrinogen

D.. International normalised ratio (IINR))

E.. Prothrombin time (PPT))

A

Fibrinogen

48
Q

.. A 74 year old man with a history of atrial fibrillation,, diabetes mellitus,, hypertension,, and obesity develops sudden onset hem iplegia and slurred speech.. A CT scan confirms an embolic stroke..

From which of the following sites is the embolus most likely to have originated??

A.. Aorta

B.. Cardiac atrium

C.. Cardiac ventricle

D.. Heart valves

E.. Veins of the leg

A

Cardiac atrium

Past Paper questions (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions