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Biology of Cells and Organisms (sem 1) > Reproduction: Strategies and Anatomy > Flashcards

Reproduction: Strategies and Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction? What type of cell division does it involve?

A
  • offspring genetically identical (clones) to parents
  • no exchange of genetic material occurs

Mitotis involves.

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2
Q

What does asexual reproduction allow a single individual to do? List some examples.

A

It allows a single individual to reproduce a colony.

E.g corals, hydra (budding), sea star (fragmentation), nematode (new head or body)

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3
Q

What organisms undergo asexual reproduction?

A
  • bacteria, unicellular organisms
  • mainly invertebrates but also some vertebrates.
    E.g stream fish, whip tail skink (releases endocrine signals that tell other female to produce egg cells), hammerhead shark
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4
Q

What is parthenogenesis? Through what organs does it occur?

A

A process in which an egg develops without being fertilised. Occurs through the use of ova and the female reproductive system ONLY.

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5
Q

Does parthenogenesis only occur in females or males or both?

A

Only occurs in the female reproductive system.

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6
Q

What is facultative parthenogenesis? Describe an example.

A

Use asexual or sexual reproduction depending on the environment, resources and food availability.
E.g aphids which reproduce sexually in undesirable climates.

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7
Q

What type of parthenogenesis is advantageous for animalas living in constant stable environments? What about for unstable ones?

A

Parthenogenesis is advantageous for constant environments

Facultative parthenogenesis is advantageous for fluctuating environments.

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8
Q

What is sexual reproduction? What type of cell division is involved?

A
  • exchange of genetic information requiring two sexes, a female and male.
    Meiosis is involved.
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9
Q

What type of organisms use sexual reproduction?

A

Common among both invertebrates and vertebrates

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10
Q

In sexual reproduction, describe the amount of and size of and motility of the gametes produced by females. What do they contribute?

A
  • females produce a few large gametes (eggs) that are non-motile.
  • contribute all cytoplasm and DNA
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11
Q

In sexual reproduction, describe the amount of and size of and motility of the gametes produced by males. What do they contribute?

A
  • males produce many small gametes (sperm) that are motile.

- contribute only DNA

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12
Q

What is mitosis? What type of reproduction is involved?

A
  • somatic cell division
  • no exchange of genetic material, no change in chromosome number
  • involves asexual reproduction
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13
Q

What is meiosis? What type of reproduction is involved?

A
  • specialised form of cell division involving sexual reproduction
  • haploid (1n) gametes in the form of sperm and egg fuse to form a new diploid (2n) individual
  • exchange of genetic material
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14
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusing of sperm and egg

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15
Q

What is unique about a hermaphrodite? Can it self-fertilise?

A
  • same individual produces both sperm and eggs
  • can self fertilise but common for sperm and eggs to be made at different times
  • May involve sex change
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16
Q

What is protandry? Describe an example.

A
  • initially a male.
  • produces sperm when young and can transform to produce eggs as a female later in life

Barramundi are born as males because it takes less energy to only produce sperm when young while growing. Then when fully grown adults, become female.

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17
Q

What is protogyny? Describe an example.

A
  • initially female.
  • produces eggs when young and can transform to produce sperm later in life.

Blue Wrasse fish are first female because males risk of predation is higher as they are more brightly coloured.

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18
Q

What must the systems of animals produce in order to reproduce sexually?

A

Must produce gametes via gametogenesis

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19
Q

What are gonads?

A

Organs that produce gametes in most animals.

Testes in males, ovaries in females.

20
Q

Do all systems contain gonads?

A

No. The least complex systems do not contain gonads.

21
Q

What do the most complex reproductive systems contain?

A
  • contain many sets of accessory tubules and glands that carry, nourish and protect the gametes and the developing embryos
22
Q

What are the basic features of a reproductive tract?

A
  • gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females)
  • gametes (egg and sperm)
  • ducts
  • accessory organs
  • external genitals
23
Q

What is produced in the testis? What about the ovary?

A

Testis:

  • sperm production
  • hormone production (testosterone)

Ovaries:

  • egg production
  • hormone production (estrogen)
24
Q

What is produced in the accessory organs? Describe examples.

A
  • bulk of semen for males
  • lubrication
  • assist fertilisation
  • e.g seminal vesicles produces seminal fluid which fertilises female ova (contains spermatozoa)
  • another e.g is prostate
25
Q

Why is lubrication from accessory organs in males important for sperm?

A
  • secretion prevents contact between sperm and urine (urine is dangerous to sperm)
  • secretions also provide nutrients to sperm
26
Q

What is the function of ducts in males? What about females?

A

Male ducts:

  • transport sperm
  • sperm mature as they move along the ducts. Initially premature in the testis
  • storage

Female ducts:

  • transport eggs
  • add protective coat to eggs
  • sperm enters and fertilisaiton occurs (specific to internal fertilisaiton)
  • maturation of embryo (specific to internal fertilisation)
27
Q

What is the function of external genitals?

A
  • needed for transport of gametes between two sexes
28
Q

Describe the structure of the male toad urogenital tract.

A

Fat bodies atop kidney
Testis on top of kidney (kidney and testis are closely assimilated). Efferent ducts on top of kidney.
Sperm exits kidney via urogenital duct which enters seminal vesicle. Sperm stored in vesicles until courtship occurs to trigger its release.
In between two seminal vesicles is the rectum.
Sperm exits via the cloaca.

(THINK OF CARROT)
Frog is external fertiliser

29
Q

Describe the structure of the male mouse reproductive tract.

A

Similar to male human.

  • kidney on top, under kidney is fat
  • under this is the bladder from which the seminal vesicle branches out from (looks fluffy)
  • prostate underneath bladder
  • testes near seminal vesicle
  • vas deferens branches from seminal vesicles
  • vas deferens connects to epididymis which is where sperm matures
  • connects to penis
30
Q

Where does the seminal vesicle empty its contents?

A

Into the prostate.

31
Q

Describe the flow of sperm in the human male productive tract.

A
  • sperm produced in testis
  • sperm enters epididymis where it matures
  • sperm moves from epididymis into vas deferens
  • sperm moves into seminal vesicles located in bladder
  • sperm exits bladder into prostate
  • spermicide exits prostate into urethra
  • urethra part of penis
  • scrotum (holds testis)
32
Q

Why is testis outside the body?

A

In order to optimise heat exchange.

Sperm can be damaged by heat produced by metabolism in body.

33
Q

Describe the female toad urogenital tract structure.

A

EXTERNAL FERTILISER

  • two separated oviducal funnels on top
  • left oviducal funnel is connected to plenty of very large ovaries (looks like butterfly wing) below that contain lots of eggs.
  • ovaries connected to kidney in middle
  • beneath ovaries is rectum connected to cloaca (exit)
  • right oviducal funnel connected to very long folded oviduct
  • oviduct connected to ovisac which is connected to cloaca
34
Q

Compare female mouse urogenital tract to human female.

A

Very similar, except branches upwards

35
Q

Describe the human female reproductive tract structure.

A
  • Ovaries connected to oviduct/Fallopian tube which is the site of fertilisation (for internal fertilisers)
  • fallopian tube leads to central uterus which leads into cervix (connective fibrous tissue)
  • leads into vagina
36
Q

What is within an ovary?

A

Follicle containing an egg

37
Q

What is external fertilisation? What is the timing of release mediated by? How many gametes produced and what environment? Explain why this type of environment is needed.

A
  • eggs shed by female are fertilised by sperm in external environment
  • time of egg release is mediated by environment cues (e.g salinity), pheromones and/or courtship behaviour
  • large number of gametes produced
  • aquatic environment necessary for fluid to aid movement of sperm into egg, also prevents sperm from drying out.
38
Q

Why do male frogs have nuptial pads?

A

Help grasp female in Amplexus

39
Q

What is amplexus?

A

Occurs in frogs, male holds onto female using special foot pads called nuptial pads. Forces female to produce oxytocin

40
Q

What is internal fertilisation? What is the timing of release mediated by? How many gametes produced and what environment? Explain why this type of environment is needed.

A
  • sperm deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilisation occurs within the tract.
  • requires important interactions mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, courtship behaviour
  • requires compatibility of external genitalia to allow sperm transfer!!!!!
  • needs fewer gametes but often very high number of sperm
  • works in dry environments
41
Q

What is internal fertilisation a prerequisite to?

A

To viviparity (internal gestation (embryo develop inside womb) birth of live young)

42
Q

Name three other reproductive organs.

A
  • placenta
  • mammary glands
  • brain
43
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A
  • nutrient transfer in species with internal gestation

- hormone production

44
Q

What is the function of the mammary glands?

A
  • nutrient transfer in mammals
45
Q

What is the function of the brain in reproduction?

A
  • controls reproductive behaviour

- hormone control

46
Q

Compare internal vs external fertilisation. Which is best?

A

External: lots of cheap to make offspring given little care
Internal: few offspring with heavy investment in development and care

Doesn’t matter which is best as long as offspring of next generation are produced.

Biology of Cells and Organisms (sem 1) (17 decks)

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