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Biology of Cells and Organisms (sem 1) > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do animals need a circulatory system?

A
  • oxygen and nutrients must be transported around the body to tissues and organs
  • waste products must be removed
  • communications via hormones
  • temperature regulation and reproduction
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2
Q

Describe the SA:V ratio of animals without a circulatory system.

A

Very high. They will be very flat with a thin body wall

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3
Q

What happens if oxygen is provided by diffusion only?

A

No oxygen will reach centre of animal

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4
Q

What process allows animals with a circulatory system to transport oxygen?

A

Convection

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5
Q

What is convection?

A

Bulk movement of fluid

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6
Q

What does convection usually assist?

A

Usually assists diffusion

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7
Q

Is a concentration always maintained by convection? Why or why not?

A

Yes, due to continual motion.

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8
Q

Which is faster: diffusion or convection?

A

Convection is much faster, .

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9
Q

Describe an open circulatory system. In what types of animals are there open circulation systems?

A
  • open vessels, cells bathed directly in blood plasma (haemolymph)
  • found in invertebrates, e.g crab, beetle, moth
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10
Q

What is a disadvantage of an open circulatory system?

A

It is non-selective.

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11
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system. In what animals are these present?

A

-blood remains in closed vessels
- extracellular fluid bathes cells
- limited exchange between blood and extracellular fluid
- blood and extracellular fluid are SEPARATE
— commonly in vertebrates and earthworm

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12
Q

What is an advantage of closed circulation?

A

Very selective, blood flows in preferential direction

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13
Q

What separates blood from cells in a closed circulatory system?

A

Vessels and extracellular fluid

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14
Q

What processes work together in closed circulation?

A

Convection and diffusion

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15
Q

What powers the convection of blood in closed circulation?

A

The heart.

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16
Q

What forms of energy are needed and transferred by the heart?

A
  • requires metabolic (chemical) energy for muscle contraction
  • potential energy contributes to blood pressure
  • kinetic energy contributes to blood flow
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17
Q

What are the general features of hearts?

A
  • several chambers in sequence
  • sequential contraction
  • one way flow using valves
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18
Q

Describe the pressure changes in blood flow in the heart.

A

Blood flows from high to low pressure.

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19
Q

What drives movement of blood through heart?

A

Pressure changes

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20
Q

Atrium always does the ____ to the ventricle?

A

Opposite

21
Q

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

A

Prevent backflow of blood.

22
Q

What is systole and diastole?

A

Systole - contraction of heart, expels blood

Diastole - relaxation of heart, refills with blood

23
Q

What are the two sources of heart contraction?

A
  1. Muscle: myogenic. Can contract without nerve input

2. Nerves: neurogenic. Requires electric signal

24
Q

Are myogenic or neurogenic hearts allowed to be transplanted? Explain why.

A

Only myogenic as they can keep beating regardless of cut off nerves.

25
Q

What type of muscle is vertebrate cardiac muscle?

A

Striated muscle consisting of stripes that are actin and myosin ready to contract.

26
Q

What are heart muscle cells interconnected?

A

Via intercalated discs.

27
Q

What are desmosomes and gpa junctions in the heart?

A

Desmosomes - strong connections

Gap junctions - electrical connections

28
Q

What is the sinoatrial node in the heart?

A

The pacemaker.

29
Q

Describe the process of action potential conduction in the mammalian heart in steps.

A
  1. Action potential starts in sinoatrial node (pacemaker), causing contraction over both atrium.
  2. This action potential triggers atrioventricular node (0.1 sec delay)
  3. Rapid conduction of AP down AV bundle (middle of ventricles) and to Purkinje fibres (on far side of ventricles).
  4. Ventricular contraction propagated from apex expels blood: systole
30
Q

In the body, what does blood pick up and lose?

A

Picks up CO2

Loses O2

31
Q

In the lungs, what does blood pick up and lose?

A

Picks up O2

Loses CO2

32
Q

Where does blood flowing into the right and left atrium come from?

A

Blood entering right atrium comes form body

Blood entering left atrium comes from lungs

33
Q

Where does blood from the right and left ventricle flow to?

A

right: Flows to lungs
Left: flows to body

34
Q

Which ventricle has higher pressure?

A

Right ventricle has low pressure, left ventricle has high pressure

35
Q

Describe the process of fish blood circulation with the heart.

A

Blood picks up O2 and loses CO2 in gills.
This blood is transferred to the body where O2 is lost and CO2 is picked up.
Blood from the body is transferred into the heart.
Blood coming from the heart has higher pressure than blood coming from the gills.

36
Q

Predict the structure of a fish heart.

A

Single atrium, single ventricle

37
Q

Describe the properties of arteries.

A
  • elastic which dampens flow pulse and prevents absence of blood
  • high pressure and velocity
38
Q

Describe the muscle of arterioles.

A
  • smooth muscle which regulates blood flow and pressure
39
Q

Describe the properties of capillaries.

A
  • exchange vessels
  • low pressure, low velocity
  • very thin wall only comprised of endothelium
  • very high SA:V ratio
40
Q

Describe the properties of veins.

A
  • low pressure, relatively high velocity
  • some smooth muscle, small resistance changes and large volumes of blood
  • veins contain valves to ensure that blood flows in one direction.
41
Q

Why don’t arteries have valves?

A

Because blood pressure from the heart is so strong that it already flows in one direction

42
Q

Describe two diseases associated with the arteries. What do both diseases reduce?

A

Arteriosclerosis: hardening of arteries
Atherosclerosis: fatty deposits
Both diseases reduce elasticity of arteries

43
Q

What are capillaries? What is it formed by?

A
  • site of exchange

Formed by a rolled endothelial cell.

44
Q

Name the locations where capillaries don’t leak vs do leak.

Where is leaked fluid transported to?

A

Don’t leak: blood, brain barrier
Do leak: kidney, spleen, bone marrow,
Leaked fluid is transported back to heart via lymphatic system

45
Q

What processes enable exchange across capillaries?

A
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • pinocytosis

Active transport in placenta

46
Q

What are baroreceptors? Explain what they do when there is high nad low pressure.

A

Regulate blood pressure.
High pressure causes lower heart rate and lower resistance
Low pressure causes higher heart rate and higher resistance

47
Q

What are chemoreceptors? Explain what they do in situations where there is low O2 and low pH, high CO2. AND high O2 and high pH, low CO2.

A

Regulate O2 in carotid body and CO2 and pH in aortic body.
Low O2- increase breathing rate
High O2- decrease breathing rate

48
Q

What do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors feed into? What do they regulate?

A 
Feed into vasomotor centre in brain stem
Regulation of:
- respiration
- heart rate, cardiac output
- blood pressure
- vascular tone (constriction of blood vessel walls)

Biology of Cells and Organisms (sem 1) (17 decks)

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