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Year 2 - RDA LCRS 2 > Reproduction physiology > Flashcards

Reproduction physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main regulatory hormones of the reproductive system? (male)

A
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Testosterone
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2
Q

Describe the reproductive axis of the male

A

GnRH –> goes to ant. pituitary –> release of LH + FSH –> goes to target cells (testes)

LH –> acts on leydig cells –> produces testosterone –> feeds back -vely on hypothalamus + ant. pituitary –> suppresses GnRH Release

FSH –> acts on sertoli cells –> releases inhibin –> feeds back on hypo-pituitary axis –> suppresses release of GnRH

(spemeratogenesis = mediated by androgen binding protein)

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3
Q

what is the role of sertoli cells

A
  • releases inhibin –> which feeds back to hypo-pituitary axis to suppress release of GnRH
  • Main function = supports spermatogenesis
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4
Q

function of sertoli cell is sustained by:

A
  • FSH

- Testosterone

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5
Q

Sperm quantity + quality increases / decreases with increasing age

A

Sperm quantity + quality decreases with increasing age

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6
Q

Male reproductive system functions continually / cyclically

female reproductive system functions continually / cyclically

A

Male reproductive system functions continually

female reproductive system functions cyclically

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7
Q

How does female reproductive function differ with a male reproductive function?

A

MALE
BOTH: Starts at puberty
BOTH: Sperm quantity and quality generally decreases with increasing age
- Functions continually
- Normally continues throughout the rest of life
- LH stimulates testosterone production
- FSH and testosterone sustain Sertoli cell function

FEMALE
BOTH: Starts at puberty
BOTH: egg quantity and quality generally
- Normally operates until ~45 years of age
- functions cyclically
- FSH stimulates (some) development of ovarian follicles & 17b-estradiol synthesis
- LH stimulates progesterone production
- The steroids regulate uterine endometrium

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8
Q

Describe the reproductive axis of the female

in the follicular phase

A

Hypothalamus releases LHRH –> which acts on anterior pituitary –> causes release of LH + FSH

LH + FSH –> acts on ovaries –> cause release of estradiol –> which then negatively feeds back to hypothalamus + pituitary

(estradiol is produced majorly, but progesterone is also being produced)

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9
Q

Describe the reproductive axis of the female

in the mid cycle phase

A

Hypothalamus releases LHRH –> which acts on anterior pituitary –> causes release of LH + FSH

LH + FSH –> acts on ovaries –> cause release of estradiol –> which switches to positive feedback –> until fully mature follicle is formed

(estradiol is produced majorly, but progesterone is also being produced)

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10
Q

Describe the reproductive axis of the female

in the luteal phase

A

Hypothalamus releases LHRH –> which acts on anterior pituitary –> causes release of LH + FSH

LH + FSH –> acts on ovaries –> cause release of PROGESTERONE –> which then negatively feeds back to hypothalamus + pituitary

(progesterone is produced majorly, but estradiol is also being produced)

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11
Q

NOTE: Implantation requires both oestrogen + progesterone environment

A

-

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12
Q

Just before ovulation: ___ peaks Dramatically

there is slight increase in ____

A

just before ovulation LH peaks Dramatically

there is slight increase in FSH

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13
Q

circulating hormone graph (please look at this - highly likely to be exam question)

A

-

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14
Q

give an example of a factor that can cause an increase in length of menstrual cycle

A
  • stress
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15
Q

basal body temp increases / decreases by 0.5 deg cel around the time of ovulation

A

basal body temp increases by 0.5 deg cel around the time of ovulation

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16
Q

at minimum endometrium thickness 2-4 mm

at maximum endometrium thickness = 7 - 16 mm

A
  • high oestrogen in first half of ovarian cycle –> combination of est + progesterone –> feeds proliferatory + secretory phase of the endometrium
17
Q

endometrium NEEDS steroids because….

A

The expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors = regulated by steroids.

  • -> Steroids induce endometrial expression of growth factors + angiogenic factors.
  • -> Dysregulations of this steroid modulated expression = involved in the pathogenesis endometrial diseases.
18
Q

Describe folliculogenesis (oogenesis)

A
  • occurs when female is an infant
  • primordial follicle germ cell develops into oogonium –> then goes onto form primary oocyte –> which divides into (secondary oocyte + 1st polar body) –> the secondary oocyte then divides to form a (ovum + a 2nd polar body)
19
Q

NOTE primary follicle + primordial folicle –> both have primary oocytes inside.

A

-

20
Q

selection process in the ovary for the dominant follicle occurs via =

A

atresia

21
Q

Define ovulation

A

release of mature oocyte (egg) from the ovary

22
Q

What happens to the oocyte when it is ovulated ?

A
  • when ovulation occurs, oocyte = 2n
  • -> it is kept at meiotic arrest (metaphase II)
  • -> and enters fallopian tube
  • -> if it is unfertilized within 24 hours –> it degenerates
23
Q

describe the process of fertilization

A
  • sperm enters cervix –> fallopian tube
  • chemoattraction –> draws sperms closer
  • one sperm enters the ovum
  • gets through zona pellucida –> sperm digests structure –> sperm head enters egg
  • DNA duplication occurs
  • -> there is approximation of the pronuclei (they get closer together)
  • -> there is formation of spindle + chromosome are at metaphase
  • -> there is separation of chromosomes
  • -> and 2 cells with 46 chromosome each forms
24
Q

describe the process of fertilization

A
  • sperm enters cervix –> fallopian tube
  • chemoattraction –> draws sperms closer
  • one sperm enters the ovum
  • gets through zona pellucida –> sperm digests structure –> sperm head enters egg
25
Q

What happens after fertilization?

A
  • meiosis of maternal chromosomes resumes–> which produces female pronucleus (23 chromatids) + 2nd polar body
  • sperm chromosome decondenses –> to form male pronucleus (23 chromatids)
  • the chromatids in both pronuclei = duplication
  • they then align on the mitotic spindle
  • then separate into 2 identical daughter cells

Year 2 - RDA LCRS 2 (8 decks)

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