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Science Year 2 > Reproduction Part 1 > Flashcards

Reproduction Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is reproduction and why is reproduction is necessary?

A

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individuals (offspring) are produced.
It facilitates heredity (the transfer of genetic information from generation to another) and is necessary for the survival of a species over time.

Reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species. Without reproduction, a species would go extinct.

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2
Q

What is Asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring (output of a system) from one parent (input of a system), without the fusion of gametes.

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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction is the process involving the fusion of nuclei (containing genetic materials e.g. DNA) (inputs of a system) to form a zygote (output of a system), producing genetically dissimilar offspring.
A new individual formed through sexual reproduction is genetically dissimilar as it receives a unique combination of genetic information from its mother (via the ovum) and its father (via the sperm). This results in variation between individuals.

Revision package definition: Sexual reproduction is the process involving fertilisation, the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and the ovum to produce a zygote, producing a genetically dissimilar offspring.

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4
Q

What are the differences between Asexual & Sexual reproduction?

A

There are no fusion of gametes for asexual reproduction while there are fusion of gametes for Sexual reproduction.

The offspring’s genetics relative to parents’ are identical for asexual reproduction while the offspring’s genetics relative to parents’ is dissimilar for sexual reproduction.

The relative speed for asexual reproduction is quicker while the relative speed for sexual reproduction is slower.

Asexual reproduction requires one parent while sexual reproduction requires one or two parent.
It is one for plants as there are self-pollination flower.
it is two for humans.

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5
Q

Sexual reproduction is more advantageous in ______. Why?

A

Sexual reproduction is more advantageous in a changing environment, as variation (offspring is dissimilar from parents) allows species to survive as there is a higher chance for them to be adapted to new environments, leading to evolution.

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction is more advantageous in ______.

A

Asexual reproduction is more advantageous in a stable environment conditions, as clones are already suited to survive in it the faster mode of reproduction allows the species to quickly populate favourable habitats.

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7
Q

What are sexual characteristics?

A

Sexual characteristics are traits which distinguish between the sexes (males and females).

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8
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics?

A

Primary sexual characteristics refer to organs of the reproductive system involved in sexual reproduction which are present at birth.

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9
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics refer to sex distinguishing traits, which appear during puberty as a a result of the effect of sex hormones.

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10
Q

What is another term for sex organs?

A

Gonads

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11
Q

What is another term for sex cells?

A

Gametes

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12
Q

What is the males sex organs/gonads?

A

Testes
singular: Testis

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13
Q

What is the females sex organs/gonads?

A

Ovaries
Singular: Ovary

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14
Q

What is the males sex cells/gametes?

A

Sperm

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15
Q

What is the females sex cells/gametes?

A

Ova
Singular: Ovum

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16
Q

What is the males sex hormones?

A

Mainly Testosterone
But also have oestrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

What is the females sex hormones?

A

Mainly Oestrogen and progesterone but also have testosterone

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18
Q

What is the testes and what is its function?

A

Testes (singular:testis) are the male gonads
They produce sperm (male gamete) and testosterone (the sex hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in males)

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19
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Epididymis (singular:epididymis) store sperm and allow them to mature.

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20
Q

What is the function of scrotum?

A

Scrotum hold testes outside the body. To maintain a lower temperature for optimum sperm development (35-36 degrees celcius)

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21
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

*seminal vesicles and *Cowper’s glands produce slightly alkaline (pH7.2-8.0) nutrient rich seminal fluid.
Seminal fluid mixes with sperm to form semen to promote the survival of sperm and provides a medium for sperm to swim in.

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22
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

The sperm duct helps to conduct sperm from the testes to the urethra by peristalsis during ejaculation.

23
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

The urethra transports sperm and urine out of the body, but not simultaneously.

24
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

The penis is an erectile organ that enters the vagina and deposits semen during sexual intercourse.

25
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Ovaries (singular:ovary) are the female gonads.
They produce mature ova (female gamete), oestrogen and progesterone (the sex hormones responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in females).
One ovary usually releases a mature ovum (ovulation) into oviduct every menstrual cycle.

26
Q

What is the function of the oviducts?

A

Oviducts transport immobile ovum down to the uterus.
Transport is done through peristalsis of the oviduct muscles, and the sweeping or cilia on the inner surface of the oviduct.
Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct, where a zygote is produced.
The zygote undergoes cell division to form an embryo as its transported down.

27
Q

What is the uterus and its function?

A

The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ where the foetus develops during gestation (the period during which an embryo or foetus develops inside the uterus of a female mammal, including humans, from conception until birth)

The embryo is implanted in the endometrium (a.k.a. Uterine lining)
The smooth muscles of the uterine lining. The smooth muscles of the uterine wall contracts during childbirth to expel the foetus.

The uterine cavity is where the embryo develops into a foetus during pregnancy.

28
Q

What is the cervix and its function?

A

Cervix is the narrow neck of the uterus, which thins and dilates and produce mucus during childbirth.

Mucus-thick and sticky—not fertile

Consistency of cervical mucus changes during menstrual cycle, which acts as a barrier or transport medium for sperm. Dilates during childbirth to allow the foetus through.

29
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

The vagina is where semen are deposited during sexual intercourse. Blood and uterine tissue leave during menstruation.

30
Q

What is the vulva?

A

Vulva is the opening to the vagina.

31
Q

What is puberty?

A

Puberty is a period of rapid growth and development caused by increased secretions of sex hormones to prepare the body for sexual reproduction.

32
Q

Why does puberty occur?

A

Puberty occur so that a child’s body can physically mature into an adult to be capable of sexual reproduction.

33
Q

Puberty results in the appearance of _____ which are the ____ that occur during puberty. What are some examples?

A

Puberty results in the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics which are the physical changes that occur during puberty.
Acne (male and female)
Facial hair starts to grow. (Male)
Voice-box enlarges and voice deepens. (Male)
Hair starts to grow in the armpits. (Male and female)
The penis and testes increase in size. (Male)
Production of sperms begins and ejaculation occurs. (Male)
Hair starts to grow in the pubic region. (Male and female)
Breasts and uterus enlarge and hips broaden. (Female)
A monthly cycle involving menstruation and ovulation begins. This cycle is known as the menstrual cycle.

34
Q

Where is semen first produced?
A ureter
B urethra
C testis
D ovary

A

B urethra
Semen as sperms and seminal fluid, there is no seminal fluid in the testis

Qn 1 adapted in Ex 8.1

35
Q

Where does the ovum enter and get transported towards the uterus?

A

Fallopian tube (oviduct)

36
Q

Which are secondary sexual characteristics in males?
1 growth of hair in the facial, body, armpits and pubic regions
2 growth of the larynx (voice-box)
3 growth of the penis and testes
4 production of sperm

A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1,3 and 4 only
D 1,2,3 and 4

A

D

37
Q

Which are secondary sexual characteristics in females?
1 growth of hair in the armpits and pubic regions
2 onset of menstrual cycle
3 release of a mature ovum
4 widening of the hips

A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1,2, and 4 only
D 1,2,3 and 4

A

D

38
Q

Which option lists all the sex hormones that are present in males and females?

A testosterone (male), oestrogen (female)
B testosterone (male), oestrogen and progesterone (female)
C oestrogen and progesterone (male), testosterone (female)
D testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone (males), testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone (females)

A

D
Both have all sex hormones, just of different levels

39
Q

A microorganism can carry out both sexual and asexual reproduction. State and explain which mode of reproduction would be preferentially carried out by this microorganism that is growing in a Petri dish in a laboratory.
Type of reproduction:______
Explanation:_________

A

Type of reproduction: Asexual reproduction
Explanation: The Petri dish has steady/stable environment and thus offspring with the same traits as the parents are able to survive well in this environment and reproduce at a faster rate to quickly populate this favourable habitat.

40
Q

State the reason that causes the uterine lining to break down from day 1 to 4.

A

The reason why the uterine lining breaks down from day 1 to 4 is due to the low levels of the two hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

41
Q

For with reference to figure type of question, what do you need to take note of?

A

Describe/ explain and then quote data

42
Q

Gardneralla vaginalis is a bacteria fond in reproductive tracts, particularly in women. Infection by G.vaginalis leads to damage of the inner surface of the oviducts.

Describe how this infection affects the passage of the ovum through the oviduct.

A

Inner surface of oviducts is lined with epithelial cells with cilia. The cilia is likely to be damaged/ lost, without cilia, the ovum moves slowly though the oviducts with the help of peristaltic movement of the oviduct walls/muscles.

43
Q

What is the most likely consequence of removing the epididymis?
A decrease production of male sex hormones
B difficulty in excreting urine
C failure to release seminal fluid during ejaculation
D absence of sperms to fertilise an egg

A

D (sperms didn’t mature properly to fertilise an egg)
Epididymis is the storage and mature sperms.
prostate gland is not affected—> can still release seminal fluid
So the sperm from the testis will just be connected to the sperm duct and so C is wrong.

44
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?

A

Primary sexual characteristics refer to the organs of the reproductive system that differentiate between genders and are present at birth, while secondary sexual characteristics refer to gender-distinguishing traits that appear during puberty, as a result of the effects of sex hormones.

45
Q

A couple was involved in a serious accident. The testes of the man are partially damaged during the accident. The cervix of his wife was completely crushed and the bone fragments punctured the uterus wall due to excessive force from the impact of the accident.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A The man completely loses his ability to produce viable sperms.
B The man can no longer perform natural sexual intercourse.
C The woman may not be able to get pregnant although she still has viable ova.
D The woman can get pregnant because she still has part of the uterus wall.

A

C

46
Q

Fill in the blank. The organ where sperm are stored. ________

A

Epididymis

47
Q

Fill in the blank. Where ball of cells implants and foetus develops during pregnancy. _________

A

Uterus

48
Q

Fill in the blank.The male sex organ which produces sperm._______

A

testis

49
Q

Is there anything wrong with this statement if so what is it?
Puberty is a period of rapid growth and development caused by increased secretions of sexual hormones to prepare the body to sexual reproduction.

A

Yes. This statement is wrong. It should be puberty is a period of rapid growth and development caused by increased secretions of sex hormones to prepare the body for sexual reproduction.

It is sex hormones and not sexual hormones.

50
Q

Tick or cross whether a characteristic is undergone by a gender during puberty.
Characteristic Male Female
Growth spurt.
increase in oil and sweat gland secretion
Enlargement of sexual organs
Armpit and pubic hair start to grow
Production of gametes
Enlargement of the larynx
broadening of the shoulder and chest
Broadening of the hips and enlargement of he breast
onset of ovulation and menstruation.

A

Characteristics
Growth spurt (Male and Female)
Increase in oil and sweat gland secretion (Male and Female)
Enlargement of sexual organs (Male and Female)
Armpit and pubic hair start to grow (Male and Female)
Production of gametes (Male but not female)
Enlargement of the larynx. (Male but not female)
Broadening of the shoulder and chest (Male but not female)
Broadening of the hips and enlargement of the breast (Female not male)
Onset of ovulation and menstruation (Female not male)

51
Q

The zygote develops into an embryo by this process while it is being swept down the oviduct by the cilia and peristalsis.
What is this event?

A

Cell division

52
Q

A woman gave birth to triplets which comprises of an identical twin baby boys and a baby girl. Her pregnancy can be described as a result of _________.
A Four separate ovums fertilised by four different sperms.
B One ovum dividing into 4 embryos after being fertilised by one sperm.
C two ovums dividing into four embryos after being fertilised by two sperms.
D two ovums fertilised by two sperms and one ovum dividing into two embryos after being fertilised by one sperm.

A

D

53
Q

Which structure will enlarge to allow the passage off baby during birth?
A Oviduct
B Ovary
C Uterus
D Cervix

A

D
The uterus contracts to expel the foetus but the cervix expands

54
Q
A

Science Year 2 (12 decks)

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