Reproduction in vertebrates

Question 1

define reproduction

Answer 1

production of a new generation of offspring from an existing generation which allows for species survival

Question 2

Reproductive effort

Answer 2

maximum gametes produced with least energy

Question 3

what are reproductive strategies for?

Answer 3

maximum survival of species

Question 4

What strat is external fertilization

Answer 4

r strategy

Question 5

Which animals make use of external fertilization?

Answer 5

aquatic organisms which release eggs in water OUTSIDE female

Question 6

Pros of external fertilization?

Answer 6

high number of egg gametes produced- to allow more to survive if predation
courtship behaviour- fish swim side by side to ensure fertilization occurs

Question 7

cons of external fertilization?

Answer 7

eggs can be preyed on
high amount of energy required to produce eggs
chance of fertilization is uncertain

Question 8

which animals makes use of internal fertilization and which strat?

Answer 8

terrestrial animals fertilize sperm directly into female as no water medium k strat

Question 9

how do animals make use of internal fertilization?

Answer 9

birds/ reptiles line up cloacae
mammals insert penis for copulation

Question 10

Pros of Internal fertilization?

Answer 10

certain fertilization as gametes closer
less gametes produced= more energy for fertilization

Question 11

Amniotic eggs explain why needed?

Answer 11

fish and amphibians have eggs in water
terrestrial animals (amnions) produce eggs that have shell and amniotic layers to prevent from dessication

Question 12

diagram of amniotic egg (7)

Answer 12

1. albumin- layers to prevent mechanical damage
2. yolk sac- contain food as nutrients for embryo
3. allantois- collects waste
4. amnion- produce fluids to protect from dessication and impact
5. air space- collect gasses unwanted
6. choroid- gaseous echange and can produce placenta
7. shell- prevent dessicsation

Question 13

explain ovipary? and how it allows for maximum reproduction?

Answer 13

fertilization- eggs develop outside the parents and yolk sac for nutrients

max reproduction:
- high number of gametes (more energy)
- less energy for yolk but more organisms form
- terrestrial use less energy on gametes but more in yolk= survive

Question 14

explain ovovivipary? and how it allows for maximum reproduction?

Answer 14

fertilization is internal and an egg is kept within the female until hatched. yolk sac is the food and have mothers protection
- developing embryo is less vulnerable to predation
- less energy is required as less gametes lost
- young fully developed

Question 15

explain vivipary? and how it allows for maximum reproduction?

Answer 15

fertilization is internal and a placenta is formed to support the embryo (no shell)
- nourish and protect embry
- have more energy as less gametes produced and parental care allow for survival

Question 16

Precocial development?

Answer 16

born almost fully developed and energy into prenatal development

big brain, open eyes, not confined, can find food and move

allos for feeding and protecting themselves

(still incubation and gaurding)

Question 17

Altricial development?

Answer 17

born not well developed and energy into post natal development

small brain, closed eyes, can’t move, in nests, no hair

safe from predation, food, parental care, teaching

Question 18

What is parental care?

Answer 18

patter of behaviour where parents spend time and energy to ensure the surval and reproductive success of offspring

Question 19

Parental care in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals?

Answer 19

fish- no care (protect eggs through brooding pouches and fanning for oxygen)

amphibians- no care
gaurd eggs on terrestrial breeding sites

reptiles- no care
snakes gaurd eggs

birds- extensive care- incubation, teachimg food, nest building

mammals- intensive care- lactation, teach for food, burros, protect from predators